Evolution of public-private partnership models in industry: from infrastructure projects to technological and competence partnerships

The article explores the fundamental transformation of the public-private partnership (PPP) architecture in the industrial sector as a response to the challenges of technological sovereignty and global competition. The relevance of the work is due to the critical need to rethink traditional, mainly infrastructural PPP models in the face of sanctions pressure, disruption of global value chains and the strategic transition of the national economy to a knowledge-based model and the generation of its own innovations. The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate the trajectory of the evolution of PPP architecture in industry from infrastructure projects to technological and competence-based partnerships. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were consistently solved: a critical analysis of theoretical approaches to defining the architecture of PPPs in the context of evolutionary economic theory and the concept of dynamic capabilities was carried out; based on a comparative analysis and risk structure, key parameters characterizing different generations of partnerships (PPPs 1.0, 2.0, 3.0) were systematized; based on empirical data and a case study of Russian projects (FRP, PIS, end- to-end technology consortia), a conceptual three-level model of a third-generation PPP has been developed and visualized. The research methods include dialectical, institutional and comparative analysis, as well as case studies of real projects. The research resulted in systematization of three generations of PPP architecture (infrastructural — PPP 1.0, modernization — PPP 2.0, competence — PPP 3.0), identification of key drivers of evolution and development of a three-level model PPP 3.0. The results obtained concretize the paradigm shift from asset management to knowledge creation management, where intangible competencies become the key result. The model details the interaction of the technological core, the competence infrastructure and the institutional framework, revealing the mechanism of synergy between them. The scientific novelty lies in presenting evolution as a qualitative paradigm shift and in substantiating the concept of «partnerships of competencies» as a networked, learning ecosystem. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the proposed model to form state industrial policy and enterprise development strategies aimed at strengthening competitiveness through the creation of intangible assets and technological competencies.