π-Economy

RAR RUS 7-18 Amanova Maftuna mkhalillaeva@gmail.com Risks and benefits of economy digitalization in the shadow labor market (case of Uzbekistan) The digital economy is a reality of today rapidly expanding its horizons, providing innumerable opportunities for economic development. The introduction of the digital economy in the modern world requires not only finances and time, but also governments, people and, accordingly, specialists ready for this; the relevance of digitalization undoubtedly concerns the problem of employment. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of the digital economy on shadow employment and the share of the shadow sector as a whole. The main purpose of this paper is to study the impact of increasing R&D (Research and Development) expenses and the prevalence and availability of the Internet among the population on the share of the shadow labor force and the shadow economy as a whole. Analysis and synthesis of diverse views and generalization of statistics make it possible to make judgments and conclusions regarding the benefits and risks of digitalization for the shadow economy. Study of a number of advantages and components of information technology and their development using macroeconomic indices for the period of 2000–2020 by means of OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression of the data obtained from the open World Bank database and calculated by the MIMIC (Multiple Indices Multiple Causes) model for Uzbekistan shows both favorable and negative effects on shadow labor employment; 10.18721/JE.15101 331.101.37/38 economy systems digital economy digitalization shadow employment shadow economy cybersecurity https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.1/ 01_Amanova.pdf

RAR RUS 19-34 Stepanov Evgenij Pletnev Dmitriy pletnev@csu.ru Trajectories of export strategies in Russian transport engineering enterprises In modern economics literature, a whole range of approaches to the classification of enterprise strategies is considered at the theoretical level. However, as an independent form of strategy, the export strategy is not considered or is not given enough attention. The purpose of the article is to identify the trajectories of export strategies of enterprises in the transport engineering industry, namely civil aircraft manufacturing, enterprises producing cars, trucks, and special equipment based on statistics from the Federal Customs Service, annual reports of enterprises, and ratings of Russian analytical agencies. The study’s objectives are, firstly, to develop a methodology for assessing the export of an industry in the “sub-industry-traded country” coordinate system and a methodology for assessing the export strategy of an enterprise in the “industry-traded country” coordinate system; secondly, the analysis of the export strategy of the transport engineering industry and its enterprises, as a result of their commodity-market, resource-market, technological, integration and financial-investment strategies; thirdly, an assessment of aircraft manufacturing exports and export strategies of Russian aviation corporations on the example of subheadings “880240”, “880211”, “880212”; assessment of exports of the automotive industry and export strategies of corporations producing passenger cars using the example of subheadings “870321”, “870322”, “870323”; assessment of automotive exports and export strategies of corporations producing trucks and special equipment on the example of subheadings “870410”, “870421”, “870422”, “870423”, “870431”, “870432”, “870490”, “870510”, “870520”, “870530”, “870540”, “870590”. As a result of the study, the features of the export strategies of the transport engineering industries and the export strategies of their enterprises, such as the United Aircraft Corporation, Kamaz, GAZ Group, Avtovaz, were revealed. Their trajectories are shown in the coordinate system “commodity item – country”. It was revealed that the commodity-market component of the export strategy of aircraft manufacturing and helicopter manufacturing enterprises is to expand their presence in the world market with a diversified product range and a full range of aircraft maintenance services. The commodity-market and resource-market components of the export strategy of enterprises producing trucks and cars consist in selling not only the finished product but its entire life cycle, which requires not only the development, testing, and certification of export models but also the creation of a sales system, service maintenance, the formation of stocks of spare parts in the countries of the world economy, and in countries with a high degree of protectionism: the creation of local industries. 10.18721/JE.15102 339.564 export enterprise strategy export strategy transport engineering aircraft industry automotive industry https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.2/ 02_Stepanov%2CPletnyov.pdf

RAR RUS 35-47 Goncharenko Tatiana Goncharenko Evgeny Application of cluster analysis in justification of digital banking efficiency The article discusses issues related to digital transformation of finance. Attention is paid to the issues of systematization and processing of a large flow of information using cluster analysis methods, the relevance of which has increased in the conditions of digital transformation of the economy and is associated with a smooth transition to more efficient financial management mechanisms based on the transition to the open finance platform. The article addresses the task of the development of theoretical and methodological provisions and the development of qualitatively new software algorithms for clustering using digital technologies, the need for which is determined by the new economic conditions associated with the digitization of finance. As part of the analysis of the processes of formation of innovative clusters, the possibility of using methods and tools for modeling the prospects for the functioning of the financial and banking sector in new conditions is considered. Clustering makes it possible to take into account not only the processes of globalization and informatization, but also the features of the digital transformation of financial markets, as well as regional and industry factors. It was concluded that the increasing transparency of financial processes affects the integration flows the financial market faces in modern conditions. As a result, conclusions were made about the possibility of applying cluster analysis in assessing the effectiveness of the use of digital technologies in the financial and banking sector. Digitalization activates the current markets of goods, services and labor at the expense of improving the management of enterprises, clusters, integrated structures, creating special conditions for the application of a digital economy that contributes to improving the efficiency of economic entities in various functional areas. The main prerequisites for the formation of a digital economy are associated with the use of new software and hardware, to effectively transition to the new nature of economic relations and the provision of services. Despite the positive dynamics of digitalization of individual directions of the financial sector, it is possible to note the need for an integrated approach to assessing the effectiveness of innovations affecting the development of various directions. This is especially true for the development of the financial sphere. The task of adapting to new technological challenges is the fundamental transformation of financial services and methods for their promotion to the market in accordance with the requirements of new contexts. 10.18721/JE.15103 336.7 inancial market cluster analysis statistical analysis algorithm systematization classification financial and banking sphere https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.3/ 03_Goncharenko%2C-Goncharenko.pdf

RAR RUS 48-65 Razmanova Svetlana s.razmanova@sng.vniigaz.gazprom.ru Volkov Artem gromadeus@mail.ru Nesterova Оlga onesterova@ugtu.net Small and medium business’ development problems (the Komi republic case study) Nowadays, the level and quality of the small and medium business development is one of the modern state’ most significant characteristics. In developed countries, the dimension of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) sector is usually very substantial and, on average, is about 58% of the country’s GDP. In Russia, this indicator is at the level of 20.2 % of GDP. In world practice, small and medium-sized enterprises guarantee a considerable portion of the population’s earnings (mainly through the creation of jobs), and impact on the socio-economic situation for regions and the country as a whole. According to the Russian Federation Federal Tax Service’s (FTS) official data, the most significant number of workers in the SME sector is recorded in the North-West (NWFD) and Central Federal Districts (CFD). The subject of the research is economic and managerial relations arising in the process of development of small and medium-sized businesses. The purpose of the article: analysis of problems and assessment of the state of development of SMEs in the Komi Republic. The study is based on an empirical analysis of the data from the unified register of small and medium-sized businesses, as well as the portal of small and medium-sized businesses of the Komi Republic. We consider the key issues that constrain the development of the Russian SME sector, including economic uncertainty, rising costs, and declining consumer demand. The database is Rosstat reporting, regulatory materials, official documents of state bodies, open data of Internet resources of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Komi. As a result, it is argued that nowadays tax and regulatory pressure on small and medium-sized enterprises are at a higher level than for big companies. These problems lead to SME sector’s slow development, lack of incentives for growth and splitting companies into parts for tax purposes. It is shown that stimulating the development of the small and medium-sized business sector in Russia should be carried out with the systemic and practical support programs from state structures. Further directions of development of the presented research are the study and analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of the program to support small and medium-sized businesses in the territory of the Komi Republic “Development of the Economy”. 10.18721/JE.15104 332.122.5 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) business small business development commercialization Arctic zone https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.4/ 04_Razmanova%2C-Volkova%2C-Nesterova.pdf

RAR RUS 66-79 Stepanchuk Andrei aastepanchuk@yandex.ru Burova Ekaterina Express evaluation methods for creating small and medium business projects n this study the authors analyzed the problems associated with organizing private business and startup project appraisal for public and private funding. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to search for new forms of interaction between the state and private business under the conditions of the digitalization of the economy, market transformation and other changes, including adaptation to work in a pandemic. The aim of the study is to eliminate a shortage of effective algorithms for making decisions to start a business, taking into account the current stage of entrepreneurship development, as well as a lack of precise practical recommendations in using the methods of express assessment for small and medium-sized business projects. The authors performed a brief overview of the existing methods of making investment decisions, including the UNIDO methodology, revealed the necessity of adaptation of existing methods to the small business peculiarities and proposed methods of such adaptation. The authors analyzed the results of the competitive selection of the best business projects carried out by a group of experts in the Kaliningrad region. The authors considered the other example of approbation of the proposed methods: in the field of development and testing of express analysis methods adapted for programs to promote self-employment of the population in St. Petersburg. The research results contain novelty and practical value and include: the precise decision-making algorithm to create a business, taking into account the specifics of the current stage of entrepreneurship development; the author’s method of express assessment of small and medium-sized businesses creation projects, some aspects of which were worked out in two different directions. Further research should be about the development of methodological solutions in the express assessment of projects for organizing a business and their testing on real projects. The studies will be aimed at undeveloped areas of the economy and various ways of starting a business: from creating an enterprise from scratch to buying a ready-made business and acquiring a franchise. 10.18721/JE.15105 338.24 small and medium businesses beginning entrepreneurs investment projects evaluation method of express analysis of projects investment analysis https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.5/ 05_Stepanchuk%2C-Burova.pdf

RAR RUS 80-93 Pupentsova Svetlana pupentsova@spbgpu-dreem.ru Choosing an effective way to use assets in the corporate governance system The relevance of the topic is confirmed by the interest of the owners in increasing the value of the enterprise by means of the most effective way of using its assets. A review of the sources on the research topic confirmed its relevance and showed that in order to improve the work with assets in the corporate governance system, it is necessary to provide arguments for the mandatory application of the highest and best use (HBU) principle when evaluating assets and businesses and to develop recommendations for evaluating the basic components of the analysis, offering a single algorithm for selecting HBU assets of the enterprise. The purpose of the study is to improve the methodological tools for choosing the most effective use of enterprise assets in the corporate governance system, ensuring the detail and validity of the analysis results. The analysis employs general scientific methods of comparative analysis of modern economic and mathematical models and methods of choosing the most effective option for using the assets of an enterprise, systematization of data and generalization of domestic and foreign experience in the field of enterprise value management concepts and company changes. The principle of choosing the HBU and its application in practice is disclosed, the argumentation of the mandatory application of this principle when assessing the assets of an enterprise is given. Recommendations on the evaluation of the basic components of the analysis is developed and the effectiveness of the application of these methods in practice is evaluated. Despite the complexity of the methods of discounting cash flows, the paper shows that the results of a carefully conducted analysis of the choice of alternative options for the use of assets are applicable to the final approval of the evaluation results determined by standard approaches. The paper shows that when choosing the most effective option for using investment assets, it is necessary to determine the optimal number of floors for legally permitted and physically possible options, justify in detail the cash flows, their change, and the rate of return on capital, take into account the uncertainty of the initial data and estimate the relative error of the expected value. When evaluating a business, choosing an effective option, special attention should be paid to the possibilities of optimizing cash flows and the use of non-core real estate. The analysis carried out in order to choose the most effective option for using the assets of the enterprise should induce an increase in the value of the assets of the enterprise at acceptable risks for the investor. 10.18721/JE.15106 332.622:336.49 efficiency assessment market value the highest and best use of assets business assessment risks in the assessment https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.6/ 06_Pupentsova.pdf

RAR RUS 94-105 Milekhina Ol'ga olga.milekhina@gmail.com Aslanova Irina Milekhin Ilya Calculation of limiting coefficients for the use of information resources under conditions of digitalization By default, the digital transformation of the economy is assumed to lead to an increase in the quality of management of all socio-economic systems. However, as any other economic process, digital transformation requires resources. Accordingly, a natural question arises about the efficiency of the use of these resources. At the same time, it should be taken into account that each process of digital transformation of management is based on information, i.e. quantitative and textual, primary, intermediate and result data on various aspects of the organization’s activities, its external and internal environment. It is extremely difficult to determine the economic efficiency of using data, since the same information is used many times in different management cycles. In addition, the lifetime (relevance) of data arrays can be very different. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative approach to evaluating the effectiveness of data driven decision making, which, among other things, allows localizing the limiting coefficients for the use of information resources. The purpose of this study is to determine the range of limiting values of resource utilization factors based on the entropy-information balance equation. Achieving this goal is ensured by the implementation of the following stages: 1) mathematical definition of the entropy-information balance equation; 2) determining the ratio of the total cost of the resource used to the total cost of processing information in the information system; 3) determining the range of limit values for resource utilization factors, taking into account the use of digital technologies. The work is devoted to the issues of calculating limiting coefficients and represents the first stage in building an optimization model “data volume – information costs”. The development of system metrics is based on the entropy-information balance equation, which made it possible to establish the relationship between the probability of the state of production, the amount of information necessary for its purposeful change, and the performance indicator. The paper proves the systemic nature of this dependence, therefore, the numerical values of the limiting utilization coefficients can be used as standards in the feasibility study of digitalization projects. 10.18721/JE.15107 65.012 digital transformation real time enterprises entropy-information balance equation marginal resource utilization factor golden ratio https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2022.93.7/ 07_Milyohina%2C-Aslanova%2C-Milyohin.pdf