π-Economy

RAR RUS 7-23 Polyanin Andrei polyanin.andrei@yandex.ru Golovina Tat'iana golovina_t78@mail.ru The concept of innovation management of industrial systems based on digital twin technology Modern industrial enterprises are interested in the production and implementation of innovations in various forms, as innovations, regardless of type, allow them to increase their competitiveness by reducing production costs or ensuring a monopoly position in the market. In turn, the effectiveness of innovation activity is largely determined by the state of the organizational and management structures of the enterprise, which should be focused on effective decision-making in the implementation of digital technologies. The aim of the research is to study the essence, principles and opportunities of using digital twin technology to manage the innovation activities of industrial enterprises in Russia, taking into account the accumulated best international practices. The objectives of the study are: assessment of the current state of innovation activity of industrial systems in the international aspect; characterization of digital twin technology to substantiate its role in improving the efficiency of innovation management of manufacturing enterprises; formation of the authors’ concept of innovation management of industrial systems based on digital twin technology. To analyze the material on the stated issues, the authors used such methodological techniques and tools as abstract-logical method, methods of content analysis, behavioral approach, comparative evaluation, generalization, and induction. The study reveals the current state of innovation activity of global industrial systems, defines the role of digital technologies in improving the efficiency of management of innovation activities of business entities. The SWOT-analysis of the process of using digital twins in the innovation activities of industrial enterprises allowed us to identify opportunities and threats to their implementation in the production process. Based on the matrix of digital transformation of economic systems, we identified promising industries driving the progressive development of digital twin technology. The paper proposes the concept of innovation management of industrial systems on the basis of digital twin technology taking into account its functional and innovation management characteristics. The article proves that digital twin technology allows getting information about the properties of a future innovative product faster, reducing the volume of field tests by means of conducting the virtual ones, as well as by using accumulated and analytically processed historical data about the design and operation of similar products. As a rapid prototyping tool, this technology accelerates innovation and reduces the cost of an industrial system. The scientific significance lies in the expansion of theoretical ideas about the approaches to the development of innovation through digital twin technology. The practical significance lies in the formation of methodological foundations for understanding digital twins as a factor that can improve the efficiency of innovation management in industrial enterprises. The prospects for further development of the work are associated with the creation of methods and tools for strategic management of innovation, providing the opportunity to develop and implement digital technologies for the management of innovation activities in the context of uneven development of the digital economy in various industrial sectors of Russia. 10.18721/JE.14501 330.322.3:37; 338.462:659.235 innovation innovation management industrial systems digital twin industry 4.0 digital economy https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.1/ 01_Polyanin%2C-Golovina.pdf

RAR RUS 24-35 Petrova Olesya Litvinenko Alexander Lanfk@mail.ru Transformation of migration processes in Russia in the context of a pandemic: administrative, legal and economic aspects The Coronacrisis-2020, which is rapidly gaining momentum, contributed to the aggravation of migration problems, the settlement of which could not be imagined without the intervention of the state and the introduction of additional socially oriented measures aimed at stabilizing the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the country and abroad. In this study, the authors consider the transformation of migration processes in the context of two directions: administrative and legal and economic. The administrative and legal transformation of migration processes is directly related to their regulatory and legal support aimed at regulating the legal situation of external migrants in Russia, as well as the implementation by executive authorities of the administrative function to prevent cases of violations of the norms of migration legislation. In turn, the economic transformation of migration processes during the Coronacrisis-2020 is due to the unstable situation on the Russian labor market, accompanied by a steady decline in demand for labor, a deterioration in the economic situation of economic entities, which, in turn, leads to an imbalance of labor resources and an increase in unemployment in certain sectors of the economy. This article also raises the problem of the impact of restrictive measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus infection on the current migration situation in Russia. Within the framework of the study, the authors assessed the degree of legal and labor legalization of external labor migrants in connection with the introduction of temporary measures to regulate the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation due to the threat of further spread of COVID-19. A comparative analysis of some indicators of the migration situation in Russia is carried out, including the number of illegal migrants with an unregulated labor status residing in Russia during the Coronacrisis. This article defines and calculates indicators for the main types of administrative offenses in the field of ensuring the regime of stay of foreign citizens and stateless persons, and also assesses the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in identifying violations of the norms of the current administrative legislation in the field of migration. 325.1 10.18721/JE.14502 migration processes illegal migration labor activity of foreign citizens administrative offenses in the field of migration COVID-19 Coronacrisis https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.2/ 02_Petrova%2C-Litvinenko.pdf

RAR RUS 36-45 Baklushinskii Vadim vbaklushinskiy@mail.ru Analysis of state interventions in the US aircraft manufacturing Aircraft manufacturing is an industry strongly related to the defense production also providing work places to a significant number of countries’ citizens. Such importance determines high attention of governments to this area. Local authorities can take a big variety of measures to protect and encourage aircrafts’ production, depending on their abilities and aims. Economic policies might be different, from laissez-fair to foundation of public corporations. Depending on one’s point of view, attitudes towards state interventions can differ dramatically. Protectionists encourage subsidies as a way to create new jobs and increase production. The free market advocates regard state interventions as more harmful than useful for economy, since they require resources diversion. This article considers application of subsidies in the aircrafts manufacturing industry and their influence on market competition. Without denying the negative effects associated with the budgetary reallocation of resources between industries, the author examines the impact of government intervention on competition within one of the sectors of the US economy. This article is dedicated to the methods and results of state interventions in US aircraft manufacturing industry. The main goal of the article is to determine whether the subsidies have a selective nature of coverage and if they influence the market competition. In order to study if state interventions rely on company’s size, the author applied the methods of mathematical statistics, including Poisson distribution, to check a hypothesis about the absence of any relation between distribution of subsidies and company’s revenue. The research was based on subsidies and incomes data of the US enterprises received from open sources. As the result of this study, it was concluded that subsidization of aircraft manufacturing companies probably is not related to their size. This is explained by the fact the decision-making authorities have multiple levels and subjects due to the country’s federal governance structure. 10.18721/JE.14503 338.45 aircraft manufacturing Poisson distribution state intervention subsidies tax incentives https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.3/ 03_Baklushinskiy.pdf

RAR RUS 46-58 Vylkova Elena Pokrovskaia Natalia Sector-wise assessment of companies’ severity of taxation in Russian regions At all times, it is important to know how great the tax burden, tax pressure and severity of taxation are for the state, regions, citizens. Since the theoretical interpretation of the named concepts and their computational methods are ambiguous, their systemic identification and calculation is in demand. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the methodology for calculating severity of taxation and fiscal taxation for a company, industry, region, state, as well as to test the proposed methodology for calculating company’s severity of taxation in the regions of the Russian Federation. The research methodology involves the formation of a system of tax indicators; calculation and analysis of turnover severity of taxation in Russian regions by type of activity; interpretation of the results obtained. The study of severity of taxation in 2019 made it possible to identify the most successful regions in tax administration: Moscow, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Kalmykia; the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic; Novgorod Oblast. The most problematic territories include the Chechen Republic, Kemerovo Region, the Republic of Dagestan and a number of others. Federal and regional authorities should pay attention to both the listed regions and the types of economic activities with the greatest spread in the values for severity of taxation: mining, agriculture and forestry, hunting and fish farming, information activities, communications and others. In the future, it is advisable to calculate the indicator under study for a number of years; focus on the substantive study of the experience of regions and industries of leaders in severity of taxation in order to replicate their successful experience in tax administration. A promising direction is also the construction of a map of deviations for severity of taxation and the tax burden for the Russian regions from the average Russian, both in general and for specific types of activity. The ratio of fiscal and tax burdens, fiscal and tax pressure, severity of taxation and fiscal taxation deserve a more detailed empirical estimation as well. 10.18721/JE.14504 336.02 tax taxation severity of taxation tax pressure tax burden severity of fiscal taxation turnover severity of taxation gross severity of taxation Russian regions company https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.4/ 04_Vilkova%2C-Pokrovskaya.pdf

RAR RUS 59-71 Generalova Anna Silakov Alexey Choice of technological development transfer mechanism for light industry The modern rapid development of the economy and industrial production is not complete without the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in certain sectors. Purpose of the study: determination of the optimal mechanism for the transfer of technical and technological innovations within the framework of intersectoral interaction with the aim of technological developments in the light industry. The authors consider the choice of a model for their use: open (based on patenting and licensing) and closed (based on the mechanism of using trade secrets). Both the open model mechanism, which is widely used, and the closed development transfer mechanism have their advantages and disadvantages. The paper describes characteristics of the environment and development conditions, which allow the enterprises to choose one or another method of interaction between light industry enterprises and scientific organizations in technological development projects. These characteristics include: the size of the potential market for the implementation of the development; the number of potential enterprises-users and their solvency; the level of legal protection of the intellectual property object in the market under consideration; the complexity of copying and reverse engineering; legal restrictions on the placement of information. The final choice of the interaction mechanism is carried out with the obligatory consideration of the difference between the development cost and the cost of its creation, as well as the reduced value of the risk of possible unauthorized use. The authors determined the upper and lower boundaries of the price corridor and the cost of transferring scientific and technological developments within the framework of intersectoral processes between organizations. To do so, it is proposed to use the condition of a positive economic effect for a scientific organization during their transfer for implementation and use in the production process and the return on investment in an intangible asset for the buyer (on based on the calculation of net present value), respectively. An example of calculating the upper and lower range of the technology transfer price for the cottonin yarn market is given. Based on the study, the authors developed an algorithm for choosing a model for the commercialization of technical and technological developments in the light industry. The algorithm includes an analysis of market factors affecting the choice of a technology implementation mechanism, the choice of the development transfer mechanism itself, and the economic justification of the terms of the agreement described in detail in this publication. 10.18721/JE.14505 658(045) light industry technological developments cross-sectoral interaction commercial use model development transfer mechanism commercialization patenting trade secret development cost https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.5/ 05_Generalova%2C-Suloeva.pdf

RAR RUS 72-91 Flek Mikhail rostvertol@aaanet.ru Ugnich Ekaterina ugnich77@mail.ru Heuristic approach in the system of assessing the human capital of an enterprise Abstract. In the current conditions of increasing intellectualization of the economy, the issues of human capital development have become relevant for many enterprises, which emphasized the importance of developing a system for evaluating it. The article provides an overview of the main approaches to the assessment of human capital and substantiates the importance of a heuristic approach. This approach allows us to assess the relationships between its components reflecting the stages of reproduction based on correlation analysis of the experts’ assessment. Such a measurement of the human capital of an enterprise is of great importance when forming its development strategy. The advantage of the heuristic approach is the sufficient simplicity of the analysis of the human capital at the enterprise, the results of which contribute to the acceleration of the management decision-making process. This approach allows us to determine the most promising areas for investment in the development of the human capital of the enterprise. The methodological basis of the study was the theory of human capital. For the purposes of the research, the methods of case study, expert assessments and questionnaire survey were used within the framework of a systematic approach. A survey of experts regarding satisfaction with various factors of the formation and use of human capital at the enterprise formed the empirical basis. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that the approach used in the work to assess human capital allows us to establish the actual relationship between the stages of its reproduction and to show the impact of its individual stages on the state of the human capital of the enterprise as a whole. This approach allows us to make recommendations for management decisions in the field of strategic development of the human capital of the enterprise. Using the example of the assessment of the human capital of an engineering enterprise, we established that the weakest relationship is between the components that characterize its use and development. The presented assessment of the human capital of the enterprise allows us to make a number of recommendations for the purposes of its strategic development. The practical value of the research lies in the development of a methodology for constructing a model of the human capital of an enterprise, which allows us to determine the strengths and bottlenecks of its formation and use, and thereby identify ways to eliminate barriers to its development. 10.18721/JE.14506 331.1 human capital enterprise human capital assessment enterprise management heuristic approach data analysis https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.6/ 06-Flek%2C-Ugnich.pdf

RAR RUS 92-110 Sataev Pavel Soloveychik Kirill kirill.soloveychik@gmail.com Startups in economics: definition, essence and characteristics The relevance of the issue of researching startups is due to the emphasis on new technologies in the modern economy and the fact that startups create innovations. New opportunities are opening up for organizations that innovate. The concept of a startup is used both as a designation for an organization with specific characteristics and as a stage in the life cycle of an organization. The content of the term is ambiguous, the characteristics of startups can include such elements as innovation (creation of innovative products or services, or work on an innovative business model), potential (there is a hypothesis that startups will go through the stage of scaling after entering the market and will be able to occupy a significant market share), short term of work, high risk, small size, temporary condition. Different studies emphasize different characteristics. A clear designation of the term is necessary for unambiguous understanding in the context of scientific and other works without the need for additional clarifications. In addition, defining the term startup and its key elements is necessary, for example, to conduct research or to support organizations that create innovations. The review article examines existing approaches to startups, examines their key features, which are noted in various sources. The author's definition of the term is given. In addition, the article examines the life cycle of a startup in order to consider the approach to a startup as a stage of the life cycle and clarify the content of the term. Reports and databases in which the concept of "start-up" is used, provisions on start-up visas in different countries, domestic practice of working with the term "Start" (support program and the Draft Regulations on the support of start-up studios), as well as approaches of S. Blank and E. Ries and the scientific community are investigated in the work as sources. The characteristics of a startup from different sources are revealed. The frequency of use of the characteristic is indicated. The conclusion about the interpretation of the term is made. 10.18721/JE.14507 334.012 startup life cycle innovation terminology https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.7/ 07_Sataev%2C-Soloveychik.pdf

RAR RUS 111-127 Kulibanova Valeriia valerykul@mail.ru Teor Tat'iana teort@rambler.ru Ilyina Irina Advanced monitoring techniques of a company’s social capital For the company, the accumulated social capital provides a reliable support for long-term trusting relationships with all stakeholder groups contributing to its stability in crises. It is at the present stage the property of social capital to help withstand various kinds of challenges seems particularly relevant. A higher educational institution in this context is not an exception. Like any other organization, a university is able to convert social capital into real economic advantage and benefit from the developed social connections. The higher education system is one of the most important areas affected by the general digitalization. In the current context, the competitiveness of any educational institution and ultimately its survival in the new information environment depend on how timely a university engages in this process. The unprecedented changes brought about by digitalization have been amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a significant impact on social connections, transforming norms of reciprocity and trust, social relations and principles of social interaction. In the context of increasingly severe competition, social capital can become the most important intangible asset for a university, being a reliable support to form long-term trusting relationships with all stakeholder groups. It is the accumulated social capital that will enable higher education institutions to effectively withstand new challenges. It should be emphasized that any university’s social capital is closely associated with the information found both in the offline space and in the virtual environment. That is why the monitoring of social capital should take into account both real communications and the “digital footprint”, which forms the media image of the university and directly affects the improvement of its competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to develop modern methods of monitoring the organization’s accumulated social capital in the online environment. The authors considered the main directions of social capital accumulation for higher educational institutions. The monitoring criteria and measuring procedures of university’s social capital under interaction with different groups of stakeholders were defined. A comparative analysis of social capital of leading universities in St. Petersburg was carried out for the two most important groups, namely consumer and diffuse groups. The results of the study can be used by universities to monitor the social capital in the formation of communication strategies with different stakeholder groups in order to maximize the effectiveness of these procedures. 10.18721/JE.14508 303.22 psychosemantic spaces social capital stakeholders digitalization; online environment; higher education institution; monitoring of social capital https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.8/ 08_Kulibanova%2C-Teor%2C-Ilina.pdf

RAR RUS 128-143 Smirnov Artem smirnov.artem.a@yandex.ru 0000-0002-4144-4287 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Kobzev Vladimir emm@spbstu.ru

Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St.Petersburg,195251

Toolkit of material resources management in lean production at engineering enterprises Continuous improvement of material resources management tools based on the principles of lean production in production management allows managers of enterprise to increase the economic efficiency of operating activities and gain competitive advantages. Sheet metal cutting is the main technological process with sheet metal taking a significant share of production material costs at many engineering enterprises. Therefore, the task of increasing of the material utilization rate is relevant in terms of increasing the economic efficiency of the enterprise and rational use of natural resources. Introduction of rational cutting algorithms is the main direction of solving this task. However, in order to eliminate arising losses when cutting sheet metal, it is necessary to pay attention to the questions of reasonable sorting of material resources after cutting into groups of business and non-business material resources and the organization of their management accounting. The purpose of the research is to develop tools of material resources management in lean production for sheet metal cutting at engineering enterprises with single or serial types of production. The paper proposes the terminological apparatus of the study, develops a method for material resources sorting after sheet metal cutting, and substantiates the possibility of increasing the economic efficiency of sheet metal rational cutting taking into account business material resources. The practical recommendations for organization of management accounting of material resources after sheet metal cutting were also proposed in the research. It should be noted that using information technologies in the process provides managers with operational and substantiated information for making economic effective and timely management decisions. Thus, as a result of the research, the theoretical and practical aspects of material resource management after cutting were developed. The practical significance of the research consists in the possibility of mastering the developed proposals in engineering production for improving the process of sheet metal cutting in order to reduce technological costs, optimize the costs structure or increase net income. 10.18721/JE.14509 338.4/658.5 lean production material resource management management accounting engineering enterprise sheet metal cutting business material resources sorting method https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2021.91.9/ 09-Smirnov%2C-Kobzev.pdf