2782-6015 3 245 2016

RAR RUS 9-18 Dmitriev Alexandr dmitriev.ag@mail.ru Kozeletskaya Tatyana marta9578@mail.ru German Elena elena250573@rambler.ru Two parameter equation of cardinal utility and the possibility of an empirical evaluation of its options The concept of rejecting the attempts to measure utility (the feeling of satisfaction from consuming goods), i.e., represent it numerically was first proposed by John Hicks in 1934 but has remained only theoretical up until the present time. As it became clear by the end of the 20th  century, it was counterproductive for the analysis of economic reality.  In accordance with modern concepts of representative theory of measurement, Hicks essentially suggested using an ordinal scale instead of the ratio scale for measuring utility. Pfanzagl later demonstrated that even the simplest mathematical operations are impossible with the results of measurements on a scale of order. This was what likely caused Hicks’s ordinal approach to be unproductive. Our work shows the possibility of measuring the feeling of satisfaction from consuming goods (utility) by the ratio scale. It is known that the entire arsenal of mathematical operations on the named values can be performed with the results of these measurements. We used the methodology of mathematical modeling by differential equations. It is based on a fundamental property of differentiable functions of many variables. The relationship between the differential of the function and the differentials of its arguments is always linear. Partial derivatives can be considered to be factors of proportionality between the differentials. With this approach, the task of constructing a mathematical model is reduced to the justification of the form factors of proportionality (partial) before the differentials of the arguments.  We have substantiated the differential equation of cardinal utility. Its solution, presented in view of the requirements of the correct recording of mathematical expressions with named variables, yields a two-parameter equation of cardinal utility. We discussed the economic meaning of its parameters and the possibility of an empirical evaluation of their numerical values. 10.5862/JE.245.1 330,42; 51-77 CARDINAL UTILITY; MODELING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS; DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF UTILITY; TWO-PARAMETER EQUATION OF SATISFACTION; EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF PARAMETERS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.1/ dmitriev_kozeletskaya.pdf

RAR RUS 19-28 Obraztcova Anastasiia obrastcova.anastasiia@yahoo.com Kamenik Ludmila Trends of public-private partnership evolution in Russia and in the world In order to identify the optimal forms of cooperation between public authorities and the private sector when infrastructure projects are implemented, it is important to analyze global and domestic experience in the sphere of public-private partnership. However, today there is not any typical chronology of the emergence and evolution of these forms of partnerships. The first examples of the cooperation between public authority and private citizens exhibited only some elements of the public-private partnership. In the ancient history, cooperation had such forms as the transfer of rights to collect taxes from public authority to private citizens, renting of public lands. The era of geographical discoveries marked the period of the first European concessions, which were providing for organizing expeditions. In several other European countries, such as Great Britain and Germany, the first concession agreements were concluded in the beginning of the 19th century. The first cooperation between public authority and industrialists in Russian history occurred during the reign of Peter I, focused on the development of iron factories in the Urals. Railways, in some cities, trams, and municipal infrastructure were also constructed in the Russian Empire with the help of concessions. Today the global experience of implementing public-private partnerships shows that all levels in the government are involved in this process and in several countries special departments coordinate the projects. The last trends in the development of partnership in Russia allow to determine the most perspective industries for actual application of the public-private partnership and identify the areas of organizational and legal regulation which require further improvement. 10.5862/JE.245.2 332.012 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; CONCESSIONS; PUBLIC PARTNER; PRIVATE INVESTOR; INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.2/ 02_obraztsova_kamenik.pdf

RAR RUS 29-37 B-6290-2015 55675110300 0000-0003-0830-2081 Institute for Problem Regional Economics RAS Okrepilov Vladimir Innovative development of the region on the basis of economics of quality tools application Innovative development provides a high quality of life for the population, which is the main competitive advantage of a country in the modern economic reality. A Global innovative index, published since 2007, is used for assessing the innovative activities of a country. In Russia, measures for speeding-up the innovative development rates are undertaken. The strategy of the innovative development of Russia up to 2020 has been authorized, with the purpose of bringing the Russian economy on the innovative path by 2020. Such tools of economics of quality as metrology, standardization and quality management which are actively applied at all stages of the lifecycle of technologies and products creation are especially important for successful strategy implementation. The purpose of metrology from the point of view of creating innovative products is ensuring uniformity, accuracy, validity and precision of measurements of product indicators and high levels of product quality and reliability.  Standards contain requirements not only for the existing products and processes, but also for those being developed, which allows to regard these standards as a tool for implementing innovations. A technical standardization committee ‘Sustainable development of administrative territorial entities’ (TC 115) has been created based on the ‘Test St. Petersburg’ State Centre, with the purpose of creating an intellectual platform allowing to unite efforts on improving the activities in the field of standardization for sustainable innovative and social and economic development of regions.  Quality management, including implementation of management systems in all fields of activity, helps to achieve not only an economic effect, but also the social purposes, and, therefore, leads to improving the quality of life.  Having taken into account the domestic experience and the experience of the leading countries of the world, it is possible to draw conclusions that it is necessary reasonable to improve economics of quality tools and to actively apply them not only at the enterprises, but also at higher levels: region and country in general. 10.5862/JE.245.3 332.146.2 INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT; GLOBAL INNOVATIVE INDEX; ECONOMICS OF QUALITY TOOLS; METROLOGY; STANDARDIZATION; QUALITY MANAGEMENT. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.3/ 03_okrepilov.pdf

RAR RUS 38-47 Vetrova Elena k-n-v@bk.ru Lapochkina Ludmila Transformation of industrial development at the present stage of economic development The state of industry in Russia can be characterized as problematic. Industrial development trends at the present stage, in spite of the efforts of the state, are not encouraging. This situation calls for clarification of possible reasons for this situation and trends of industrial policy adjustments to achieve both industrial development and an increase in the efficiency of state regulation. The problems studied by the authors are typical for other countries as well. The purpose of this article is to analyze the state of the theory of industrial development at the present stage, and on this basis to substantiate the transformation of the Russian industry and its state regulation. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign cyclical theories, scientific, technical, cluster and innovation development in industry, and government regulation theory. The article made a critical review of the existing industrial development theories, which revealed their characteristics and a current trend of merging these theories. The main provisions of the modern theory of industrial development should be considered when making strategic decisions, including at the state level. Growing industrial development issues give reason to assume that there are some contradictions between the theory and its practical implementation. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the ongoing transformation of the theoretical and practical aspects and determine the direction of their alignment. It is characterized by specific scientific results obtained by the author. Assessment of the basic provisions of the theory of industrial development in retrospective and at the modern stage allowed the authors to substantiate conclusions and proposals for the transformation of the Russian industry in the direction of technological development, the search for effective systems of interaction between business, government, science and education. The authors suggest focusing further research on identifying the effective instruments of state industrial policy, which are aimed at achieving industrial development and the effectiveness of state regulation of development. 10.5862/JE.245.4 330.34.01 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; CYCLING; INNOVATION; TECHNOLOGY; CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT; THEORY AND PRACTICE; BUSINESS; SCIENCE AND EDUCATION https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.4/ 04_vetrova_lapochkina.pdf

RAR RUS 48-58 Kravchenko Denis Kravchenko.DB@ROSORKK.RU Baurov Alexander Baurov.AY@ROSORKK.RU A public-private partnership in the period of structural reforms of the space industry Currently, the sphere of production, modernization, maintenance and utilization of any high-tech products, including space, military and special equipment faces the task of attracting private investments, primarily by using the mechanisms of public-private partnership.  Russia has traditionally had no predisposition for allowing the private sector to implement projects in the space industry. Years after the collapse of the USSR, the aerospace industry had no properly formed institutional environment, with the industry essentially isolated and excluded from the system of market relations allowing to effectively reduce costs. Cost optimization was not a priority when the respective federal targeted programs were introduced, partially due to a peculiar structure of financing for different types of projects. However, in the last decade, there has been a noticeable trend of the situation changing. This paper gives a definition and reveals the industrial specifics of the processes shaping the public-private partnerships in the Russian space industry. We present a review of global trends in these areas and specific success stories of private companies cooperating with the state acting through the Russian Federal Space Agency and the RKP enterprises in the recent years characterized by the structural reform of the space industry management. The article is dedicated to the problem of the interaction between the interests of the state and business throughout innovative development in the form of a public-private partnership (PPP), and examines the prospects for the development of PPPs using the example of the space industry as one of the key high-tech sectors of the Russian economy. The examples from foreign and Russian practice illustrate the dynamics of the interaction between the public and the private sector in the space industry, as well as the emergence of new tools aimed at overcoming obstacles in implementing PPPs during the structural reform of the Russian space industry. 10.5862/JE.245.5 351.712.4 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; SPACE INDUSTRY; STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION; INDUSTRY; ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY; CONTRACTING; STATE BUDGET https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.5/ 05_kravchenko_baurov.pdf

RAR RUS 59-66 Nekrasova Tatyana dean@fem.spbstu.ru Alekseeva Anastasiia missis.anastasia.alekseeva@yandex.ru The pricing policy of the oil and gas company The paper has analyzed the issues of pricing policy of the oil and gas industry and the properties of the market for oil products. An improved model for forecasting the price of Urals crude oil on the Russian market has been worked out. The model is based on the statistical approach and involves trend determination, correlation and regression analysis. The existing dependencies between the following pairs of variables were analyzed: Urals price and demand for crude oil; Urals price and Brent price; Urals price and crude oil supply; Urals price and oil production capacity of an oil refinery; Urals price and saturation of the crude oil market. A trend line has been built and the crude oil prices have been forecasted. The correlation coefficient has been determined within the regression statistics as well as the Fisher, Durbin-Watson, Breusch-Godfrey and Student criteria. The coefficients of the equation have been calculated. Some recommendations for improving the pricing and forecasting methods in the oil and gas company with an example of JSC Lukoil have been made. The results for building the model for forecasting oil prices are positive. The pricing of the two grades of oil has a linear relationship, and therefore, this factor will improve the predictive ability of our model. Calculating the coefficients of the regression equation yielded the target price for Urals oil in 2016 in the amount of $42.05 per barrel (and $31 per barrel if calculated including the speculative factor). The necessity of consideration of taking into account the prices on the equivalent commodities, namely the price of Brent crude oil, has been emphasized as a basic recommendation on the pricing policy of JSC Lukoil. 10.5862/JE.245.6 338.51 PRICING POLICY; OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY; FORECASTING; METHEMATICAL METHODS IN ECONOMICS; OIL PRICE https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.6/ 06_nekrasova_alekseeva.pdf

RAR RUS 67-77 Mogaeva Salima s.v.mozhaeva@mail.ru Estimation of the influence fuel costs productivity in Russia energy systems Development of own industry is impossible without effective operation of the power pool system of Russia. Electric energy is a resource which price significantly influences prime cost of any production and therefore on competitiveness of economy of Russia. The most important components of the price for electric energy is the cost of her production and reliability of transportation to end users. Economic value of reduction of fuel consumption on thermal power plants of condensation type during the operation of the turbine in a zone of economic power is considered. The analysis of fuel consumption by production of the electric energy developed by thermal power plants of condensation type from a position of influence on overall performance of a power system of Russia is carried out. Physics and technology process of production of electric energy, from a position of his economic components is analyzed taking into account that the operated subsystem «the power plant as difficult artificial system» represents the main reproduction link of power industry. The special role of system reliability as the electrical power system of Russia in the technical plan can be considered as the electrical power enterprise functioning in scales of all country is considered. It is revealed that thanks to the stream nature of the processes going from generators to end users the difficult artificial system the operated electrical power system of Russia can be presented in the form of an indissoluble logistic chain structurally:» purchases – energy generation – transportation of the electric power – sale». The criterion of reliability and overall performance of a logistic chain taking into account minimization of expenses on all structural links defined at the solution of the minimizing function is offered. Dependence of reliability and quality of electrical power production on the solution of problems of management of electrical power system of Russia is considered. It is revealed that in power industry as well as in communication, it is impossible to overcome natural and technological monopolism due to artificial crushing and therefore the competitive market in power industry can't almost be created too. Inclusion of additional commercial structures always sharply worsens reliability of power supply of consumers and increases a possibility of system accidents as in the market in case of accident time for coordination of interests of commercial structures is necessary. 10.5862/JE.245.7 658.26: 621. 311 UTILITIES; FUEL COSTS; EFFICIENCY; ESTIMATION; THE LOGISTIC CHAIN https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.7/ 07_mozhaeva.pdf

RAR RUS 78-92 Mashunin Yuriy mashunin@mail.ru Modeling and software implementation of innovative development of the industrial enterprise The relevance of the study is caused by the creation of a qualitative system of modeling and software for innovative development of the industrial enterprise. The analysis of the main directions of development of the enterprise theory has shown that further innovative development is connected with developing mathematical models which adequately reflect all spheres of production and economic and financial activity of the enterprise.  The purpose of work consists in creating a numerical model of innovative development of the industrial enterprise, on the basis of a mathematical model in the form of a vector problem of linear programming. The criteria of this task take into account the focus of each division of activity of the enterprise. The restrictions are labor and material resources, and production capacities of the enterprise. Restrictions are imposed on separate divisions and on the enterprise in general (global restrictions).  Developing this direction, the mathematical model of the industrial enterprise of complex structure is constructed in the form of a vector problem of linear programming which is solved in dynamics for several years. The strategic plan created on the basis of vector optimization is focused on innovative development of the industrial enterprise on the basis of extensive and intensive factors of production development. The software for using such models in practice has been developed. For solving the vector problem of linear programming, the methods based on criteria normalization and the principle of guaranteed result are used. The methodology of forecasting the strategic development of the industrial enterprise is developed on the basis of statistical and technological information. The main stages of methodology (software) are presented on a numerical example of corporate management of an industrial enterprise including six divisions. The model formulated the focus of each division and the purpose of firm in general. The optimal volumes of production released by each division have been obtained as a result of the solution. The problem of optimal distribution of global resources of divisions of the enterprise is solved. 10.5862/JE.245.8 330.322 INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; MODELING; FORECASTING; VECTOR OPTIMIZATION; SOFTWARE. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.8/ 08_mashunin.pdf

RAR RUS 93-100 Balashova Elena elenabalashova@mail.ru The influence of the reserve management mechanism on the performance of an industrial enterprise Russian industrial enterprises operate in the conditions of the high competition burdened by adverse geopolitical and internal economic factors. For this reason, it is particularly important for an enterprise to acquire opportunities of improving its performance through identifying, assessing and using the available reserves. It should be noted that, even though this problem is undoubtedly relevant, the analysis of references has shown there is no uniform point of view on the nature, structure and elements of the mechanism for identifying, assessing and using reserves, and also on the methods for assessing its influence on the efficiency of the activity of the industrial enterprises. The article analyzes the dependence of the enterprise’s performance on the existence and operation of the mechanism for identifying, assessing and using reserves; the efficiency evaluation stages are offered, the resource, technological and process aspects of the influences of the mechanism on the performance of the industrial enterprise are considered. Key signs and parameters of the performance assessment process as a result of the influence of the mechanism for identifying, assessing and using reserves are specified. The dependence of the performance on the incremental nature of the operation of the mechanism for identifying, assessing and using reserves is considered. A structural and logical model for evaluating the effect of the processes of identifying, assessing and using the reserves of the enterprise on the efficiency of Russian industrial enterprises. Criteria and the principles for creating the structural and logical model consisting of four interconnected blocks (target, substantial, operational and control productive) are introduced and substantiated. Conclusions are drawn and further research directions are defined on the basis of the obtained materials and their novelty. 10.5862/JE.245.9 338.314.055.2   EFFICIENCY OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; RESERVES; MECHANISM; ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY; COMPETITIVENESS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.9/ 09_balashova.pdf

RAR RUS 101-110 Pasholikov Maksim pasholikov@gmail.com System and dynamic modeling of joint activity of industrial enterprises With the current foreign relations situation when tactical factors of economic development are almost completely exhausted, and with the amplifying economic pressure from the Western countries, the success and speed of the transition to a non-oil model of economy are inseparably linked with the implementation of the policy of import substitution in the domestic industry. At the same time, the considerable potential of overcoming the adverse effect of external factors and minimizing the constantly arising numerous risks is obviously possible by means of forming integration interactions of multi-scale business, that is, the joint activity of small, medium-sized and large industrial enterprises allowing the participants of the interaction to get additional competitive benefits. The increasingly active state support of industrial projects demands scientific justification of the spheres and scales of the rationality of their import substitution, and also the expediency of using the form of interaction of the industrial enterprises of different scale based on partnership and coordination of interests. The economic role of integration interaction of multi-scale industrial enterprises in developing potential of import substitution of domestic economy is discussed in the paper, along with a system and dynamic model (SDM) of the integration capacity of industrial structures for a scientifically based assessment of the efficiency of combining the resources of multi-scale business for implementing projects of import substitution. Separate optimizing problems are solved through particular models integrated in the SDM; synthesizing these problems allows to estimate the efficiency of realizing the potential for integrating large, medium-sized and small industrial enterprises. Thus, the SDM is a fairly simple and convenient mechanism for carrying out calculations, and can also act as an effective tool for supporting the decision-making, connected with the justification of expediency and a preliminary estimate of the efficiency of merging industrial enterprises. 10.5862/JE.245.10 334.76 ENTERPRISES OF DIFFERENT SCALE; IMPORT SUBSTITUTION; INTEGRATION POTENTIAL; SYNERGETIC EFFECT; MODEL OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.10/ 10_pasholikov.pdf

RAR RUS 111-129 Shteingart Evgenii genja.89@mail.ru Burmistrov Andrey Review and comparative characteristics of methodologies for the development of enterprise architecture In the modern world, the problem of ensuring the competitiveness of economic entities becomes key. Balance, stability and the level of development of any national economy depends on successfully solving it. Accordingly, in a turbulent external environment, characterized today by a number of negative manifestations, in particular, lower energy prices, the introduction of sanctions against Russia, the overall socio-political tensions and volatility in the markets, the purpose of any large domestic industrial enterprises is a significant increase in competitiveness through flexible response to the changes occurring. However, the enterprise under consideration is a complex system with its own branched structure and a diverse set of constituents, and, consequently, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to use modern innovation management tools resulting from the symbiosis of developments in the field of strategic management and modern information technologies, along with the traditional ones. The concept of «enterprise architecture» has appeared in 1987 and is one of the most effective management innovations for increasing the competitiveness of large domestic enterprises of the real sector of the economy. The article provides information about the degree of these concepts; describes a brief history of the development of the sphere of «enterprise architecture»; outlines the various definitions of the term «enterprise architecture», as well as the authors’ definition; provides a description and comparison of methodologies in the field of developing «enterprise architecture». Based on the conducted research, we have reached the conclusion that further research is necessary into developing the scientific and practical apparatus of the «enterprise architecture» concept, and into the means for designing a specialized range of standard models adapted to the specifics of large industrial enterprises of Russia enabling them to constantly and significantly improve their competitiveness. 10.5862/JE.245.11 658 COMPETITIVENESS; ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE; BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE; COMPONENTS OF ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE; METHODOLOGY https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.11/ 11_shteyngart_burmistrov.pdf

RAR RUS 130-138 Korobova Yulia julia2511@bk.ru Yashin Sergey jashin@52.ru A method of assessing the capacity of industrial enterprises of the region for financial self-sufficiency of innovative activity In a tense international situation and sanctions from some Western countries there is a clear need to increase the level of innovative development of enterprises of the industrial regions of the country. One of the main reasons for low innovation activity is the shortage of funds for implementation of innovative projects, which is especially pronounced during the economic crisis. The aim of the study is to develop a method of assessing the financial capabilities of the industrial enterprises of the region to provide innovative activities that promote the adoption of science-based solutions in the field of management of innovative development. To achieve the intended purpose, it is proposed to use a special method of assessing the financial resources of the company that includes assessing the current financial condition of the company and its innovative investment activity with arranging the analyzed indicators into a comparable form on the basis of expert scoring method of assessment and determining the level of financial funds for the implementation of innovative projects on the basis of the authors’ interval scale assessment. We developed standard guidelines for the management of innovation in accordance with the financial capabilities of the enterprise. The proposed algorithm was tested on the example of the Vyksa Steel Works JSC; we determined the financial status and innovative-investment activity of the enterprise. Practical application of the developed algorithm of assessment of financial opportunities at different stages of implementation of the innovative project will contribute to the timely commercialization and the formation of long-term competitive advantages of the enterprise. As a result of the study, conclusions are made about the problems that may arise in the enterprises during the analysis of possibilities of financial sustainment of innovation. 10.5862/JE.245.12 338.1 INNOVATIVE PROJECT; INNOVATION; INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY; FINANCIAL CAPACITY; INNOVATIVE-INVESTMENT ACTIVITY; FINANCIAL POSITION https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.12/ 12_korobova_yashin.pdf

RAR RUS 139-150 Egorova Svetlana es1403@bk.ru Dubkov Denis denis_dubkov@list.ru Problems of accounting control to ensure innovation in the conditions of financial instability An important feature of innovation activity in Russia is the low level of inno-vative activity, despite the fact that one of the priorities of the economic develop-ment of our country defined the formation of favorable innovation climate and in-crease of innovation activity of the business. However, scientific-research and ex-perimental-design works require enormous costs and carry a high level of risk. As a result, despite the recognition of the inevitability of the innovation way of devel-opment in order to ensure economic stability in the conditions of financial instabil-ity, to innovate in Russia are sufficiently wary. The main reason for the current level of innovation activity of organizations is the lack of effective measures to en-courage innovation, and as a result, the lack of interest of private investors (includ-ing foreign) in investing in domestic innovation projects. For effective innovation requires appropriate his level of control aimed at ensuring the safety of investments and effective management. Accordingly, it was clarified the content of the infor-mation management innovation. Proposed allocation of separate cost accounting on innovation, oriented not only to provide information to external users (for external monitoring and analysis), but also internal (executives) for timely assessment of the efficiency of the innovation, internal controls and management decisions. Depending on the financial capacity of the economic entities defined forms of integration of organizational structures and allocated in accordance with the methods of accounting and innovation. Expedience of the use-case of managerial accounting system and the economic reporting. 10.5862/JE.245.13 657.47 ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY; INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY; FORMS AND WAYS OF ENCOURAGING INNOVATION; INNOVATION COSTS; COST ACCOUNTING AND COST CONTROL ON INNOVATION https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.13/ 13_egorova_dubkov.pdf

RAR RUS 151-159 Ilyinsky Viacheslav v-ilinskiy@list.ru Yastrebov Anatolii ap@aanet.ru The correspondence between various innovation types and the basic values of the organization The essay explores the issue of the integrated approach to the innovation activities of the organization, aimed at securing its sustainable development in the conditions of changing environment and external challenges. Special attention is paid to the historical aspect of identifying the indicators of sustainable development of a system. The indicators for assessing the sustainable development of the organization have been identified. The existing dependence between the threat development rate and the response rate of the company’s self-defense system is revealed. The importance of Biesiot indicator is emphasized, defined as a ratio of respective processes rates. The properties of the company’s external environment and its basic reference points have been described. The correlation of external environment properties, the benchmarks of the organization, with different types of innovation is presented. The key directions in which product innovations are used, aimed at sustainable development of the organization, have been determined. The quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation of basic innovations is considered. The absolute and relative performance evaluation of the improving innovations is presented. The role of process innovations securing high level of efficiency of organization performance in the conditions of lack of resources is described. The tremendous role of marketing innovations ensuring freedom of action of the organization in the market in the conditions of diverse environment is demonstrated. The equations describing the extension and renewal of the assortment are presented. The great importance of implementing organizational innovations is emphasized in the conditions of a variable environment, for the purpose of securing safety as a basic reference point,. The indicators for assessing organizational innovations are presented. The adaptability, serving as a base reference for changes within the environment, necessarily requires introducing managerial innovations. The interrelation between the concept of «system dynamics», decision-making process and management innovations is shown. Attention is drawn to the fact that the focus on stream-oriented structure aims the managerial innovations at overcoming the intra-organization borders, with a purpose of adaptation and changing the environment. The significance of informational innovations is emphasized, for realization of such major baseline as coexistence of different organizations in the conditions of uncertain market environment and quite tough competition. At the same time, the importance of information technologies for generating transferring and commercializing different types of innovation is accentuated. The conclusion is drawn on the need to implement innovative solutions of all types and on a systematic basis. The organization seeking sustainable economic development should implement various types of innovations depending on its key values, on a systemic and integrated basis. 10.5862/JE.245.14 332.012 INDICATORS OF SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT; DEPENDENCE BETWEEN THREAT DEVELOPMENT RATE AND SYSTEM RESPONSE RATE; BIESIOT INDICATOR; INTERRELATION BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND BASIC VALUES OF ORGANIZATION WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF INNOVA https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.14/ 14_ilinskiy_yastrebov.pdf

RAR RUS 160-168 57211165463 0000-0002-5040-0841 Voronezh State Agricultural University Pshenichnikov Wladislav wladwp@yandex.ru

str.Mitchurina, 1, Voronezh, 394087

Negative interest rates as part of the global transformation of the monetary sphere The relevance of the article due to the fact that currently the monetary authorities of many developed countries, without much success trying to use the tools of monetary regulation in order to stimulate the growth of the real sector of the economy. Among serious obstacles to economic growth are seen deflation processes in the developed countries, which does not encourage increasing the volume of production due to continuous fall in prices for finished products. In search of new tools and incentives for economic growth the Central banks of several countries have entered unknown ever before in the banking practice area with nominal negative interest rates. In this paper we study the global causes of negative Deposit rates by the Central banks of selected developed countries and evaluated the possible consequences of their application. The author presents a Matrix of the relationship of Deposit rates and commodity prices on the purchasing power of the monetary unit, which describes the possible combinations of positive, zero and negative Deposit rates and similar rates of inflation and their consequences for the holders of money. Formulated an assumption about the need of the global transformation of modern concepts monetary-credit regulation during the transition to postindustrial type of economy and new forms of money. The global transformation of the modern world and the formation of a new economic structure will inevitably lead in future to the gradual displacement of the electronic money currently used forms of money and means of payment. Unlike traditional forms of money, electronic funds involve the operation of a qualitatively new media universal equivalent. The specific use of these carriers as money very sparingly investigated, including as a result of not always successful attempts to explain the innovations of the modern world on the basis of the methodological base of research, developed in fundamentally different circumstances. It is assumed that the application of syncretic as a new logic of thinking, and theory of media in the form of a new philosophical system will allow us to better disclose the essential characteristics and peculiarities of different forms of money, including electronic money. Thus, the use of syncretic, as a more General logic than metaphysics and dialectics, would have meant going beyond the old type of thinking in the new spatial logic of measurement. 10.5862/JE.245.15 336.781.5 MONETARY REGULATION DEPOSIT; DEFLATION; INFLATION; INTEREST RATE; CENTRAL BANK https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.15/ 15_pshenichnikov.pdf

RAR RUS 169-181 Kokh Larisa lkokh@mail.ru Bulatsky Stanislav bulatsky@gmail.com Problems of modelling operational loss severity in commercial banking A potential decrease in capital reservation required by the regulator motivates banks to use advanced approaches to operational risk assessment. The acturial approach may also be useful from the standpoint of controlling the operational risks. The loss distribution approach, among others, is now considerably popular in banks all over the world. This paper shows why operational risk frequency and severity should be modeled separately under the LDA method and examines some problems regarding the modeling of operational loss severities. The study provides a complete scheme for using LDA. It gives arguments in support of using more complicated models against the simpler ones and vice versa as well. This paper analyses the connections between different distributions used to model operational risk. It emphasizes three distinctive features of operational risk data, i. e., skewness, kurtosis and a presence of the heavy tail. The notion of «fat tail» is re-introduced in comparison with the heavy tail. The article offers several graphical procedures to determine the presence of the heavy tail in a sample of operational risk data. Authors substantiate the need to use statistical models with two or more parameters. Theoretical aspects of EVT application to operational risk modeling are given. This study notes the POT method threshold choice dilemma and analyzes four different approaches to find the value of this threshold.  The methods considered in this paper make up a powerful mathematical apparatus for operational risk modelling. However, some weak spots of the popular POT method are shown. Application of certain generalized models for operational risk modeling is suggested for further study. 10.5862/JE.245.16 336.71 OPERATIONAL RISK; BASEL II; LOSS MODELING; EXTREME VALUE THEORY; MODEL ANALYSIS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.16/ 16_kokh_bulatskiy.pdf

RAR RUS 182-189 Azimov Pulod pulaz@mail.ru Mirzobekov Khusched mhurshed_80@mail.ru Small and medium business in the Republic of Tajikistan: features, trends and challenges The article deals with the socio-economic role of small and medium-sized enterprises at the present stage. The basic tendencies of development of economy of the Republic of Tajikistan. The necessity of studying the characteristics of small and medium entrepreneurship in the Republic of Tajikistan. Important changes were listed in the article which requires in-depth study of the changes in economic structure, particularly for small and medium-sized business, and changes in its structure. There is an analysis of the state, the specificity and the description of the key problems of developing small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Tajikistan. To achieve this goal the author set and solved important tasks. There is a description of the concept of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity which were embodied in the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan. Highlight key trends in the development of small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Tajikistan at the present stage. The analysis of the structural features of the development of small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Tajikistan at the present stage. The role of the private sector was substantiated in the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan and its share in the total GDP of the country. There are analysis of changes in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in the economy and the share of employment in small and medium enterprises in total employment in the Republic of Tajikistan. The specifics of small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Tajikistan were represented by the structure of business entities, depending on the economic activity. The author found the correlation coefficients for the original data on the structure of small business in the Republic of Tajikistan. Isolated set of challenges to the progressive development of small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Tajikistan. 10.5862/JE.245.17 334.012.6 SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES; THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN; THE STATE; ESPECIALLY THE SPECIFICITY AND TRENDS; PROBLEMS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.17/ 17_azimov_mirzobekov.pdf

RAR RUS 190-201 Evdokimova Anisiia anysia@yandex.ru Ilyin Igor ilyin@fem.spbstu.ru Business process reengineering as an instrument for crisis management In the context of the global crisis in the economy enterprise and commercial companies are facing increasing competition in the market, the decline in consumer demand, changes in external market conditions. To the management raises the question of effective crisis management. The increasing competition leads to the need to solve the following questions: efficiency of decision making, customer orientation, dependence on the «human factor», the satisfaction of employees. Methodology of a comprehensive reengineering business processes can provide the company with a new business model, based on the economic strategy of the company in crisis. The result of redesigning of all business processes in organization may be new, resistant to sudden changes in the external environment and ensure effective decision making under conditions of high uncertainty, the business enterprise architecture. The article describes the methodology of the phased re-engineering of business processes for small and medium commercial companies, which relies on the establishment of an economic strategy and a review of the reference model. The purpose of reengineering business processes is determined by the preservation of the company's market share and profitability. The result of the redesign of the business processes of the organization becomes a new business model, expressed in the formulation of economic strategy, new organizational structure, new landscape scheme of business processes «to-be». In the article discussed questions of organization transition from current management models to a new business model. The introduction of a new management model and the new landscape of business processes allows companies to exclude «excess» business processes, thereby optimize the costs of organizational work. Reengineering business processes enables the company to achieve the goal of crisis management is to maintain market share and profitability of the business. 10.5862/JE.245.18 65.011 BUSINESS PROCESS; CRISIS MANAGEMENT; EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT; BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING; STRATEGY MAP; BUSINESS MODEL; ENTERPRISE BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE; ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE; BUSINESS MODELING https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.18/ 18_evdokimova_ilin.pdf

RAR RUS 202-213 Stepanchuk Andrei aastepanchuk@yandex.ru Franchisor and franchisee: harmony or conflict of interests The urgency of studying the problems of the conflict of interests between the opposing parties in a franchise relationship, i.e., the franchisor and franchisee, has been substantiated. It has been shown that the slow pace of development of franchising in Russia today does not allow using the advantages and reserves which this effective form of small business organization contains.  The problem of legal confusion in the law enforcement practice of franchising in Russia (franchising, according to Russian law, is called the commercial concession) has been analyzed.  Different forms of franchise, including: trade franchising, business franchising, production franchising, conversion franchising, district franchising and subfranchising have been listed and described. The problem of balancing the interests of the parties has also been considered. Results of comparison of the advantages and the disadvantages of franchising, separately for the franchisee and for the franchiser, have been systematized.  The contradictory nature of these results, and the need to find a compromise have also been noted.  Basic features of franchising as a way of starting a new business have been marked out. As the most common variant of payment for the purchase of a franchise has been named A scheme under which the franchisee pays a lump-sum (initial) fee first, and then regularly pays royalties (a percentage of the revenue).  The experience of the author of the article on training and consulting business start-ups within the program of the self-employment of the population organized by the Committee on work and employment of the population of the Government of St. Petersburg has been generalized. The content of the developed guidelines and manuals, among which an important place is occupied by the guide on franchising and text templates and financial part of the business plan for the franchise acquisition projects, has been characterized.  The methods that justify the cost of the franchise and the value of the royalties have been supported by numerical examples and given in the final part of the article. Methods of evaluating the intangible assets, also known in valuation practice as the royalty method and the method of excess profits, have been chosen as a basis. 10.5862/JE.245.19 334.722; 658.114 FRANCHISING; COMMERCIAL CONCESSION; FRANCHISE; SMALL BUSINESS; START-UP ENTREPRENEURS; INTANGIBLE ASSETS. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.19/ 19_stepanchuk.pdf

RAR RUS 214-220 Belousova Mariia mary_zveryaka@mail.ru Application of Kohonen’s self-organizing maps for analyzing investment risks in the agricultural sector The problem of analyzing and evaluating investment risks in agriculture is reviewed in the article. The need to take into account sectoral investment risks when making management decisions on investment location has been underlined. A comparative analysis of the methods and approaches to risk assessment has been carried out, with their main advantages and disadvantages presented. It is proposed to use the method of Kohonen’s self-organizing maps for analyzing sectoral investment risks, taking into account the following indicators: the level of inflation sustainability of the industry’s products, the level of product profitability, the level of competition, the ability to market buyers, the level of state support, the level of social tension. Evaluation of quantitative indicators based on statistical data and quality indicators were assessed by scores. The branches of the agribusiness industry were grouped in clusters corresponding to the level of investment risk based on a neural network constructed using the Deductor Studio Academic program. The result of the analysis determined that the lowest level of investment risk was in investing in growing sunflower, beet, vegetables. Average investment conditions have developed in the following areas: grain farming, pig and dairy industry. Unfavorable conditions for investment have developed in the meat industry and livestock raising. The effectiveness of this method lies in integrating the properties of objects, speed of processing multi-dimensional data and a visual representation of the results. As a result of the study, we constructed a neural network model, which has allowed to group branches by level of investment risk. The neural network presented in this article can be used as a means of information support for decision-making during the determination of the sectoral structure of the investment portfolio. 10.5862/JE.245.20 519.86:330.322 INVESTMENT RISK; KOHONEN’S SELF-ORGANIZING MAP; MODEL; BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE; CLUSTERING https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.20/ 20_belousova.pdf

RAR RUS 221-229 Kuzmina Svetlana kuzmina@spbume.ru V-1094-2019 56968223000 0000-0002-0941-6358 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Babkin Alexander babkin@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Methods and tools of economy of quality for assessing a scientific and educational complex Now Russia lives in the conditions of reforming and the ongoing transformations, which creates new management conditions. The opportunity of using high technologies of the developed countries (for example, EU countries) that existed earlier is now missing in connection with the imposition of sanctions. The task to solve major strategic problems is now set for science, in particular, that of import substitution in the field of high technologies. Thus, the logic of developing globally competitive economic, innovative and economic processes proves that in modern conditions the main attention of the state has to be concentrated on developing the science, education and hi-tech sector of the industry on a platform of the concept of economy of knowledge. The article considers the tendencies in assessing the functioning of scientific and educational complexes both in Russia and abroad, and also the issues of managing the processes of import substitution in the sphere of high technologies within the activity of a scientific and industrial and educational complex in the conditions of reforming and modernization. The authors offer to use the well-proved methods and tools of economy of quality for solving the problems arising in modern conditions, allowing to estimate the overall activity with respect to the processes of a scientific and educational complex and to offer the possible directions of optimizing its activity and ensuring efficiency on the basis of the tools of economy of quality. The authors note that any country, including Russia, can become an advanced country with a high standard of living of the population only by continuously focusing on the problems of science and education, by creating a society of knowledge combining science, education and business, and also by applying effective methods and tools of economy of quality for assessing the functioning of a scientific and educational complex. 10.5862/JE.245.21 621.5:319.14 QUALITY ECONOMY; BUSINESS PROCESS; SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX; METHODS; TOOLS; ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.21/ 21_kuzmina_babkin.pdf

RAR RUS 230-244 Kuladzhi Tamara kuladzhit@list.ru Matrix tools for innovative cluster homeostasis A modern approach to the activities of an innovation territorial cluster in the Russian Federation is revealed in the article. It is underlined that creating cluster organizational structures requires methodical, expert, analytical and other support, coordinated by goals, deadlines and resources, as well as target indicators of cluster production efficiency, based on the planned value and complexity of the final cluster production tasks. Innovative production costs are calculated taking into account the market factors. The current regulatory framework for innovative territorial cluster development is also analyzed. A homeostatic approach to cluster economics necessary for ensuring its economic sustainability is revealed. The definitions for the terms «homeostasis» and «homeostatic» are given with a reference to the works on homeostasis written by V.N. Afanasieva, N. Wiener, A.A. Volkov, V.M. Glushkov, Y.M. Gorski, W.R. Ashby, and others. Professor M.D. Kargopolov’s matrix formula is verified as a tool of modern economic-mathematical modeling for calculating the innovative production costs of cluster, including calculating the prime costs of the cluster’s production. This versatile formula allows identifying the production efficiency both for the final cluster product and the intermediate cluster production components produced by different economic agents of an innovative cluster, including those located in a macro-region with various territorial factors affecting cluster production costs in the market. The economy of cluster organizations differs from that of other legal entities and requires specific research methods for assessing the performance of a regional cluster as a whole and of its subjects taking into account their proportion in the final production of the cluster. 10.5862/JE.245.22 332:334.12:336.71:338.242.2.:519.866 KARGOPOLOV’S MATRIX FORMULA; INNOVATIVE TERRITORIAL CLUSTER; HOMEOSTASIS; CLUSTER INNOVATIVE PRODUCTION; COSTS ASSESSMENT; MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING; PRODUCTION COSTS. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.22/ 22_kuladzhi.pdf

RAR RUS 245-257 Radaev Anton TW-inc@yandex.ru 0000-0002-4144-4287 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Kobzev Vladimir emm@spbstu.ru

Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St.Petersburg,195251

An optimization model for clustering a distributed transport network of an industrial enterprise Modern conditions of the development of domestic industrial enterprises engender the growing importance of the issues in the area of minimizing the logistic costs when designing the corresponding distribution networks. Due to this circumstance, it seems expedient to create an optimization model for clustering the distributed transport network of an industrial enterprise. The created model allows to determine both the required number of identical transport vehicles to serve contractors (consumers) within the examined distribution network and the formation of optimal routes for transport movement according to the criterion of minimizing the total transportation costs with constraints on a vehicle’s capacity and duration of consumer’s service within each route. The initial data for implementing the optimization model include the characteristics of the distribution network structure concerning the composition of its basic elements (transportation points) and the corresponding connections (pathways), the characteristics of transport vehicles concerning the conditionally variable and conditionally fixed costs, the duration of movement on the transportation network’s connections and the vehicle’s load capacity. To estimate the adequacy of the created model, it was implemented on a practical example for solving the task in the area of small-batch truck traffic routing within Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. The main stages of implementing the formulated task were the following: forming the initial data for implementing the optimization model; implementing the optimization model for different variants of the vehicle model; analyzing the implementation results for the optimization model for every alternative variant of the vehicle model; forming the dependences of the performing indicators for the routes versus the load capacity of the vehicles used. The analysis of the formed dependences confirmed the adequacy of thecreated optimization model and, as a consequence, its high practical importance. 10.5862/JE.245.23 656.073, 658.81 TRANSPORTATION NETWORK; INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE; CLUSTERIZATION; MODELING; OPTIMIZATION MODEL https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.23/ 23_radaev_kobzev.pdf

RAR RUS 258-267 Silkina Galina galina.silkina@gmail.com Pereverzeva Anastasiia pereverzeva-anastasja@yandex.ru Integration of the balanced scorecard and the method of reverse calculation as an analytical tool for company effectiveness management The article is devoted to improving the effectiveness of company's performance management through the development of methodologies of analytical support of managerial activity. The authors of the article have analyzed existing approaches to the creating of measurement systems and chosen balanced scorecard as the basic model. The balanced scorecard can be considered as the most influential conceptual direction of modern strategic management, which helps the companies not only to survive on the modern market but also to achieve the required level of competitiveness. The system has some advantages and limitations, the most important of which is the lack of tools to convert the company's overall strategy into operational objectives with the subsequent development of management actions. The main objective of the article is to promote the idea of integration of balanced scorecard and the method of reverse calculations. Their combined use allows not only to define the strategic objectives of the company but also to offer a quantitative-based, realistic ways to achieve them. Combining approaches found expression in the authors' method. The direct course of method resides in the calculation of the indicators value on a balanced scorecard, and the reverse course consists in the execution of reverse calculations. The method of reverse calculations is illustrated by calculations of related financial and non-financial indicators (profitability of spending and the competence level of staff), included in the balanced scorecard of JSC “NPO Flame”. The direction of further study development is determined as the union of an integrated approach with the methods of multi-criteria optimization. Also, the authors plan to realize the idea as a whole in the form of a software product. 10.5862/JE.245.24 338.242.2 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT; MEASURING SYSTEM; BALANCED SCORECARD; THE METHOD OF REVERSE CALCULATIONS; TREE OF INDICATORS; EXACT CALCULATIONS; MANAGERIAL PRESCRIPTIONS https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.24/ 24_silkina_pereverzeva.pdf

REV RUS 268-278 Yuriev Vladimir yurev@fem.spbstu.ru Multi-criteria model of material requirements for the operating schedule of job production This paper presents a multi-criteria optimization model for flows of materials and component products of an operating production schedule. The model considers the following industrial production situation: a job manufacturing operation with high stochastic product demand, high materials-output ratio, many technological conversion stages and prolonged manufacturing cycle.  The main goal of optimizing the manufacturing process is in minimizing the costs of purchasing and storing the material and component. Getting quantity discounts helps to minimize purchasing costs, and minimization of storage costs is achieved by minimizing the time between the shipping date and the date when the purchased material or component products is required in production.  The proposed model allows to make a transition from the methodology of purchasing under a specific order to the methodology of requirements for operating production schedule, which leads to keeping down the costs of inventory storage and cutting the wait time of production. Moreover, a significant advantage of this methodology is due to the factthat purchasing an optimum size of materials and component products helps maintain working capital turnover at high level.  The universality principle has been applied in developing this two-criteria model. The universality principle considers planning schemes, reserve stock control and accounting within every inventory item with consideration for the operating schedule of product launching. The proposed economic-mathematical model develops the methodology of reserve stock rate, which consists in calculating the verisimilar overrun in planning material consumption and determination of an urgent minimum inventory at a point in time. 10.5862/JE.245.25 658.5 ORDERS; INVENTORY; MATERIAL; COMPONENT PRODUCTS; OP-ERATING PRODUCTION SCHEDULE; ECONOMIC-MATHEMATICAL MODEL https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2016.59.25/ 25_yurev.pdf