2782-6015 5 228 2015

RAR RUS 7-19 Sanneris G. giada.sanneris@gmail.com Support of sme’s in Italy: case of Confidi, experience and perspectives of evolution The paper traces the chronicle of the development of Italian Confidi and of the critical pivotal and actual issues of Confidi, so to offer an appropriate frame to introduce the draft of reform of Confidi, actually under review of the Italian legislative system, and the considerations and proposals of the author concerning the theme. Object of this paper is the analysis of the historical and juridical development of Italian mutual guarantee societies. The article analyses origins and initial development of the system of mutual support for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), and Confidi Framework Law, issued in 2003. The paper regards AECM experience in supporting the development of SMEs. AECM is the European Association of Guarantee Institutions. Aim of their members is, each in their country, to support access to credit for small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). Of particular interest among historical members of AECM are to be considered the Italian members of AECM, both for volumes of guarantees issued in relation with national GDP both for number of members. Guarantees societies in Italy are historically private, mutual, and are named Confidi. The author describes Confidi structure, hierarchy and role of the Bank of Italy in the system of support to small and medium sized business in the country, being supported by recent economic and financial data of Confidi’s evolution and in consideration of the ultimate approval, on July 2015, by Italian Senate, of the draft of law about a substantial reform of the argument. The author offers a critical analysis of the actual draft and concludes by proposing some considerations about the reform. The ways of further development of small entrepreneurship in Russia are proposed. 10.5862/JE.228.1 339.91 ENTREPRENEURSHIP; SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED BUSINESS; ITALIAN MUTUAL GUARANTEE SOCIETIES; CONFIDI; DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM OF SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.1/ sanneris.pdf

RAR RUS 20-30 Kuznetsova Olga kuznetsova@omgtu.ru Umaev Egor egorumaev@rambler.ru Fighting poverty during the global economic crisis (based on France example) Decades of the economic prosperity for many countries, including the most developed ones, have been replaced with a perceived decline in GDP and in the standard of living of the population accustomed to a certain lifestyle. Growing poverty caused social unrest, increasing the protest mood of the population. Together with the worsening aggressive foreign policy of a number of countries, primarily the United States and Great Britain, uncontrolled progression of events in this area represents a real threat to the national and economic security of many countries. Most governments of the world need to find measures of the regulatory impact on population's poverty. It is necessary to ensure not only their social efficiency, but also economic one. Extended experience gained in this field in France, traditionally has been focused on internal politics in working out redistributive mechanisms to avoid an excessive income gap between citizens. March, 3 2015 is the date when there was presented a new government program aimed at reducing poverty. Ambitious plans of the French government caused a huge public outcry in France and abroad, and turned out to be in the spotlight. The study of the proposed mechanisms does not allow us to evaluate the proposed plan to fight poverty only positively. However, the French experience, presented in this study, may be useful for government agencies, who develop and implement programs in this area, as well as for scientists and other experts. The analysis of existing problems and the presented overview of the proposed solutions is an impulse for further research in this area. 10.5862/JE.228.2 338.124.4: 364.662 (44)   POVERTY; FIGHTING POVERTY; UNEMPLOYMENT; GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS; FRANCE. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.2/ kuznetsova_yumaev.pdf

RAR RUS 31-42 Erastov Aleksandr rastov@yandex.ru Makarov Vasiliy energy@fem.spbstu.ru Novikova Olga Novikova-Olga1970@yandex.ru Reach the target use of renewable energy as a factor of improving energy efficiency regional economy The article presents the results of a study of the state energy saving policy in the area of ​​development targets of renewable energy sources within the framework of the implementation of regional energy efficiency programs on the basis of analysis of the potential of the North-West Federal District of the Russian Federation. Research objectives: to conduct a qualitative analysis of the basic documents establishing requirements for the energy savings targets, based on the development of renewable energy sources to conduct a comparative analysis of the potential for the type of renewable energy sources and targets of their development on the example of the Northwest Federal District of Russia, to analyze factors influencing the development of renewable energy sources in the Russian Federation; to conduct a qualitative analysis of federal and regional energy saving policy regarding the development of renewable energy sources; suggest areas of efficient use of renewable energy sources in the current situation. To meet the challenges of research methods we used economic and statistical analysis, as well as regulatory and institutional method. The study systematized the factors affecting the development of renewable energy in our country in three directions: to meet the needs of the population, in entering the retail and the wholesale electricity market. We have shown the incompleteness of the requirements of the legal framework, excessive demands on the objects of renewable energy sources, the lack of effective mechanisms of state power generating facilities in the area of ​​wholesale and retail electricity market. Proposed projects include the introduction of renewable energy sources in the federal targeted programs, the reduction of VAT on renewable energy equipment, its accelerated amortization, measures to strengthen the promotion of information renewable energy among households. 10.5862/JE.228.3 620.921 THE SUBJECT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION; REGION; POWER MANAGEMENT; PROGRAM-TARGET METHOD OF MANAGEMENT; ENERGY SAVING PROGRAMS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY; RENEWABLE ENERGY; REGIONAL ECONOMIES. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.3/ erastov_makarov_novikova.pdf

RAR RUS 43-53 Sokolova Ekaterina sokolenergo@mail.ru Linhartova Vladimir vladka.linhartova@email.cz Sergeev Vitaliy Economic feasibility of geothermal heat pumps for housing estate heating Energy conservation is one of the most important strategic initiatives of the «Energy Strategy of Russia until 2030», approved by the order of the Russian Federation government No. 1715-r of November 13, 2009, as without its large-scale implementation the development of the Russian economy will be limited to energy and environmental factors. Therefore, it is necessary to use the international experience of energy efficient technologies, such as heat pump installations in the heat supply systems of residential buildings and the development of integrated energy-saving measures, to create and secure stable, highly efficient, uninterruptible power supply in Russia. The article, written by V. Linhartova, E. Sokolova and V. Sergeev, is devoted to the presented problem. It considers the existing district heating system in the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation, exemplified by two major cities – St. Petersburg and Prague. The authors identified similar and different features in climate, geography, political and economic situation, analyzed the economic feasibility and technological possibilities of transferring the residential complex, both existing and new, to their own power supply. In addition, the authors calculated the economic benefit from the use of low-grade heat in the heating system (heating, ventilation and hot water supply) of the residential complex through the use of geothermal heat pump systems. The article results into the conclusion that its is inappropriate to use low-grade heat recovery systems due to lower prices of the fuel source, and consequently the price of the consumed heat load. However, the authors, referring to the inevitable exhaustion of natural resources, are confident about the prospects of their research and are ready to continue investigations in this area. 10.5862/JE.228.4 621.577 GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP; INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC EVALUATION; HEATING SYSTEMS; DISTRICT HEATING; ECONOMIC ATTRACTIVENESS. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.4/ sokolova_linkhartova_sergeev.pdf

RAR RUS 54-63 Radushinskii Dmitrii d.radoushinsky@gmail.com Zdol'nikova Svetlana s.v.muraveva@yandex.ru Сommunication centers as an element of the institutional environment of innovative economy The article discusses the relationship of information and communication factors and the level of innovation of a socio-economic system, the importance of informal communication and tacit knowledge within the modern concepts of knowledge economy and communicative economy. The aim of this work is to propose a concept of communication centers, show their place and role in the innovation infrastructure, to identify their basic characteristics and to develop an approach to understanding those of their functions for which the implementation infrastructure could be effectively created in addition to the existing elements of the national and regional innovation systems. The concept that we have adopted as a basis for the study is that the key function of a communication center in the socio-economic system with a given level of development is the organizing the interaction with representatives of socio-economic systems whose levels of development are the same or higher in order to obtain from them (through exchange, purchase, etc.) advanced technology, skills and other kinds of valuable information and knowledge. The main conclusions are as follows. The quality of knowledge at the micro-level, i. e. the long-term human capital of the region determines the actual availability and quality of the communication center in the existing innovation infrastructure of the region. The conducted review of the functions and features of the institutions of regional innovative infrastructure, including the technology platforms and the innovative regional clusters, as well as communications platforms in individual companies, and also the functions of the so-called innovative lift development institutes made it possible to establish that the communication center should have the following main characteristics: it should be intensely involved in the diffusion of innovations; it should integrate the directly interacting units that should be grouped geographically for informal transmission of tacit knowledge; it should have significant executive and administrative authority. A further substantiation of investments into creating the appropriate communication centers and an analysis of their effectiveness seems necessary. 10.5862/JE.228.5 332.142, 332.145, 338.242.2, 339.138 INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE; REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM; LEVEL OF INNOVATION; KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY; COMMUNICATIONS CENTER; HUMAN CAPITAL OF THE REGION. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.5/ radushinskiy_zdolnikova.pdf

RAR RUS 64-71 57190585624 0000-0001-7081-8797 Baikal State University Chuprov Sergey chuprovsv@yandex.ru Management of industrial stability and development in the context of synergetic paradigm Solution to the problem of maintaining the efficiency and stability of the developing industry is subject to quick and sudden changes in the globalizing business environment has recently been of priority in the economic research. In the dynamic background of the institutional and innovative transformation in Russia activities of industrial enterprises are subject to risks of resource deterioration, competitive advantage loss and sliding towards bankruptcy. On this account it is an important challenge to develop and improve control technologies for stability of enterprises. For this purpose, we suggest theoretical, methodological and applied support of the design technology, including the involvement of both familiar tools of systems analysis, management, cybernetics, etc. and of innovative knowledge of nonlinear dynamics and self-organization theory which form the foundation for the interdisciplinary synergetic paradigm. Within the framework of its ideas, a logical explanation is given to the evolution of industrial enterprises from unstable equilibrium to stable non-equilibrium, as well as to qualitative modifications in their activities, in particular, those connected with the transition from a stable and less effective state to a more effective one. Along with this, from the perspective of the entropy approach and information theory, it becomes possible to give reasons for the nonlinear (exponential) dependence of the industrial enterprise performance on the amount of the accumulated information and to substantiate conditions for maintaining the stability of this effect, as well as the multi-factor analysis of dependence of financial and economic indicators of the enterprise performance on the knowledge achieved by the enterprise. In order to apply the concept and technology of managing the industrial enterprise stability, including the use of the heuristic algorithm (based on fuzzy sets), there has been developed and certified the software to monitor their stability which fulfills functions of the operational processing, visualization and understanding of change trends with regard to indicators observed. 10.5862/JE.228.6 005.12 + 658.511 KNOWLEDGE; INFORMATION; MONITORING; FUZZY SETS; EQUILIBRIUM; STABILITY; EVOLUTION; ENTROPY; EFFICIENCY. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.6/ chuprov.pdf

RAR RUS 72-80 Ratner Svetlana lanarat@mail. How to grow the world leader in photovoltaic (the case of Yingli Solar) 10.5862/JE.228.7 338.2 SOLAR ENERGY; PHOTOVOLTAICS; POWER ENGINEERING; LEARNING CURVE; CASE-STUDY. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.7/ ratner.pdf

RAR RUS 81-89 Shlyago Natalia fialkovsky@yandex.ru IT projects feasibility assessment as an alternative to economic efficiency assessment Assessment of the practicability of IT projects deployment in business practices is just one element in the group of computerization issues. Today, this task is solved through determination of economic efficiency of an IT project. Techniques used for assessing economic efficiency turn out rather labor-intensive, expensive and do not provide a reliable assessment of IT impact on company performance, which brings into question their value and validity. Seeking to share information on the specific features of ICT deployment processes, the article offers a brief description of techniques currently used by Russian businesses to justify practicability of introducing information technologies. The article also describes a new approach to assessing the practicability of computerization of a business entity based on the conceptual framework that is different from conventional profit-oriented philosophy. Using the concept of a company’s target image that combines the targets of growth, development and profit, this article proposes a model for justifying the practicability of IT deployment based on the priority of growth target. Computerization option that maximizes the company’s sale volume shall be determined through monitoring the operational safety level, provided a number of additional constraints are met. The model uses a modified breakeven point formula that takes into account the multivariable function of costs. The model is based on a number of assumptions, is fairly simple and considered as a possible express analysis technique for selecting the option of computerization. The proposal is up for further discussion. Evolution of the concept of assessing the practicability of IT projects deployment in business practices based on the target image is envisioned through the search of indicators and criteria that demonstrate the impact of IT on the attainment of the third target, i. e. development. 10.5862/JE.228.8 65.011 = 111 IT PROJECT; ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY; TARGET IMAGE; GROWTH TARGET; OPERATIONAL SAFETY LEVEL. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.8/ shlyago.pdf

RAR RUS 90-96 Pereverzeva Тatyana Evdokimova Marina selena-rikman@mail.ru Analysis of adaptive institutional regulation of socioeconomic development of trade enterprises In the light of growing economic development and constantly changing market conditions the effectiveness of trade enterprises becomes a key point of organization’s strategy and dictates the need for faster adaptation to the external environment. The article under review evaluates the relevance of this topic and explores the problem of adaptive institutional regulation of trade enterprises. The authors define the object and its structure, goals, tools, the algorithm of institutional regulation and describe evolutionary and revolutionary scenarios of adaptive regulation. The study includes a new interpretation of the definition of ‘adaptive mechanism’, covers L.A. Rastrigin’s and Y.Z. Tsipkin’s viewpoints of the ‘adaptation’ definition, describes the types of adaptation goals, analyzes the tools of institutional adaptation in terms of the entrepreneurial goals and develops the algorithm of institutional status assessment for a trade enterprise. Institutional status assessment involves describing the set of norms and standards followed by the enterprise, specifically economic and social ones, and comparing them to the reference values. The deviation from the reference value, in its turn, becomes the incentive for the normalization of institutional status in the sphere of corporate finance, tax liabilities, planning, controlling etc. The results of this study can be used to correct the strategy of organization’s development in order to minimize risks and increase stability. The optimal number of institutional tools of trade business regulation is related to the number of the development goals, unique for every business entity. This relation is described with Tinbergen’s inequality, that shows the balance between the number of goals and the number of tools used to achieve them. If economic practice reveals inefficiency of adaptation tools, it compels the organization’s management to make some changes in the norms and processes used by specific institutions: either to introduce new norms/processes or to improve the existing ones. The need for theoretical and methodological evaluation of institutional adaptation of trade enterprises is constantly increasing, especially because of their growing importance for making operational and strategic decisions regarding the development of trade business. 10.5862/JE.228.9 338 ADAPTIVE INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION; GOALS OF REGULATION; FORMAL AND INFORMAL TOOLS; MECHANISMS AND INSTRUMENTS OF INSTITUTIONAL ADAPTATION; INSTITUTIONS. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.9/ pereverzeva_evdokimova.pdf

RAR RUS 97-107 Ilyin Igor ilyin@fem.spbstu.ru Iliashenko Oksana ioy120878@gmail.com Makov Konstantin notmakov@gmail.com Frolov Konstantin KFrolov@korusconsulting.ru Developing a reference model of the information system architecture of high-tech enterprises One of the main problems in high-tech enterprise management is the issue of integrated logistics support of production and service, which is not considered an independent methodological problem by manufacturers. The article describes the baseline architecture of the information system based on the CALS conceptual model (Continuous Acquisition and Lifecycle Support). Research into ILS tasks and reference architecture components made it possible to propose a reference architecture model of the unified ERP II system for integrated logistic support. Two main approaches to developing integrated systems were considered while constructing the information system architecture: mono platform and poly platform. Poly platform systems integration is used as a method of constructing the target architecture of a unified information system for information support life cycle product (with all the necessary improvements). A gap-analysis of the transition from the baseline to the target architecture, reflecting the main stages, is provided. The proposed reference architecture model of an information system represents a possible solution that provides support for solving not only the integrated logistics support problems but also the core tasks of the enterprise: supply chain management, resource planning, customer and supplier relationship management. A reference model of the system architecture was built with due regard to integration tools for information exchange in a single information space between all the subsystems. The proposed model is based on a single service-oriented platform and the Integration Bus which allows connecting systems of different manufacturers. Each system is discussed in detail. The key functions and tasks of each system (general and service ones) are described. 10.5862/JE.228.10 330.47=111 INTEGRATED LОGISTIC SUPPОRT; CОNTINUОUS ACQUISITIОN AND LIFE CYCLE SUPPОRT; REFERENCE MODEL; INFORMATION SYSTEM; TARGET ARCHITECTURE. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.10/ ilin_ilyashenko_makov_frolov.pdf

RAR RUS 108-117 Tsatsulin Alaxander V-1094-2019 56968223000 0000-0002-0941-6358 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Babkin Alexander babkin@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

An iterative procedure of consumer research in a narrow market segment The article analyzes the conditions, peculiarities and application techniques of the step-by-step method of iteration to the equations simple regression which are not reduced to any linear forms of their own parameters and variables. Such a practical task arises often enough during the investigation of the class of Tornquist functions. In practice, such tasks arise in economics during research and analysis of consumer demand on a narrow market segment. In particular, the 2nd equation of this class successfully describes a Russian family’s cost for the purchase of relatively expensive tourist products for foreign travels. The method of progressive approximation regards the plotting of the normal equations set with application of the Jordan–Gauß process and the expansion into Taylor’s infinite series of the function of the corrections for parameters of the desired equation. The amendments themselves are allowing to calculate the parameters of the Tornquist functions (2nd equation) and accomplish the forecast estimations of budget charges for purchase of the expensive tourist’s products. The considerations expressed in this article lead to three local outputs on the applicability of the procedure in question in dealing with similar ones on the content of economic and statistical research problems of supply and demand a high level of tourist products: in the epistemological and methodological aspects of the formulated problem of estimating the parameters in a typical nonlinear this technique (sequential iterative procedure) does not give a final decision, i. e. the results are not complete and not statistically pure; because of the inherent rounding even reliable and accurate measures of economic parameters are approximate. When using iterative procedures, approximation error is added to the actual implementation of the method, and its effectiveness depends on the more or less successful choice of initial conditions approximation and the convergence rate of the iteration process; finally, a common approach to stochastic approximation of a nonlinear function is understood by the author through the use of Taylor series and polynomials search for suitable forms. In particular, the linearization of the equations of simple regression with typical nonlinearity must be carried out by the power series expansion with all members of the first order of smallness eliminated from further calculations. 10.5862/JE.228.11 621.5:319.24 APPROXIMATION APPROACH; LINEAR FORM; REGRESSION EQUATION; PROBABILISTIC DISTRIBUTION; TOURIST’S PRODUCT; SEGMENT OF THE MARKET; CONSUMER DEMAND. https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.11/ tsatsulin.pdf

RAR RUS 118-123 Sokolov Roman rsok7@rambler.ru Real options in the information system design The article reviews the prerequisites to use real options in the design of information systems (IS) as a variety of investment designing. On the one hand, these presuppositions include the risk and uncertainty in the long process of designing and, on the other hand, the possibility to demonstrate the managerial flexibility of the project manager. The main factors of uncertainty and risk include the functionality of IS, requirements to which are approximately formulated by the customer, and then are necessary to be clarified at every stage of the design in accordance with the changing circumstances and the project financing possibilities. The assessment methods of real options such as the Black–Scholes model, binary tree, etc. require initial data that are difficult and even impossible to obtain while designing enterprise information system due to the insufficiency of statistics that characterize the cash flows of such projects. Furthermore, these models ignore the features of the IS design that could be reflected in an optional approach to design. The features of the optional approach to IS design are analyzed and summarized in four groups: 1) factors of uncertainty and risk; 2) the variant approach to design; 3) staging of the design process; 4) the iterative nature of the design process. The classification of types of real options in the design process is proposed. The factors of management flexibility by design stages and types of real options are analyzed. The work offers a consistent economic efficiency assessment of IS based on the expected values of the expanded net present value of the project that are confirmed at every stage of the design. The formula of the expected value of the cost of a real option for binary development of the design process is proposed. The use of real options in the information system design, taking into account the peculiarities of this process, makes it possible to improve the economic efficiency of the project and its attractiveness. 10.5862/JE.228.12 658.01 REAL OPTIONS; INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS; MANAGEMENT FLEXIBILITY; OPTIONAL APPROACH FEATURES; EXPANDED NET PRESENT VALUE; TYPES OF REAL OPTIONS; THE DESIGN STAGES; CONSISTENT EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2015.55.12/ sokolov.pdf