2782-6015 16 6 2023 1-166

RAR RUS 7-17 Kvasha Nadezhda nadia_kvasha@rambler.ru Infocommunication platform as an integrating basis of effective regional circular ecosystems This article argues that interaction within a circular ecosystem should be characterized by a higher degree of cooperation, ensuring the full effectiveness of the ecosystem, taking into account mutual and social effects. The scientific hypothesis of the study is to consider the infocommunication platform as an integrating basis for an effective regional circular ecosystem (CES). An infocommunication platform is understood as an integrated information system that provides the possibility of algorithmic exchange of information and values (products, resources) between a large number of entities through transactions in a common information environment, leading to eliminating transaction costs, reducing transformation costs and achieving full efficiency. The purpose of the study is to provide an analytical substantiation of this hypothesis, as well as to study the most significant aspects related to the implementation of the platform-network approach in the activities of regional CES. Research objectives: to clarify the concept of a digital information platform and to outline the boundaries of this phenomenon; to form an analytical substantiation of the thesis about the fundamental nature of information platforms in the formation and functioning of the regional CES; explore and give a critical assessment of the current situation in the implementation of digital information platforms in Russian practice; show that the implementation of digital information platforms of regional CES is associated with a large number of external effects, and thereby justify the need to use internalizing mechanisms; to determine directions for the development of mechanisms internalizing externalities that ensure the effective formation and functioning of information and communication platforms of regional CES. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were obtained: directions for the development of internalizing mechanisms were identified that ensure the effective formation and functioning of information and communication platforms of regional CES. It was proved that the functioning of a digital infocommunication platform, covering the entire field of the circular ecosystem, causes systemic organizational and economic changes in the direction of permanent high-level collaborations, which describes a full-fledged infocommunication basis for an effective regional CES. It has been revealed that the formation and implementation of the digital information platform of regional circular ecosystems is associated with a large number of external effects, which in turn requires the use of internalizing mechanisms, including through the participation of the public. The main promising directions for the participation of the public in the process of formation and functioning of regional CES information platforms were identified. 10.18721/JE.16601 334, 004.77 circular ecosystem of the region infocommunication platform external effects sustainable development platform-network approach https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.1/ 01_Kvasha.pdf

RAR RUS 18-31 Fedorova Anna Chernova Olga Tools for assessing digital readiness of an industrial enterprise for smart development Digital readiness is the most important prerequisite for the implementation of digital transformations of an industrial enterprise. The study of the level of digital readiness for smart development is of particular importance for machine-building enterprises, since in modern conditions of sanctions, the domestic machine-building complex producing industrial goods can become a driver for the innovative development of the entire Russian economy. Management decision-making, adopting a digital transformation strategy and improvement of the production are based on an assessment of the current state of the country, region and the enterprise under study. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for assessing the level of digital readiness of an industrial enterprise for smart development. The proposed assessment tools are based on the definition of the digital readiness index, determined on the basis of weighted averages of indicators of digital development at different management levels. To achieve this goal, we reviewed theoretical and methodological studies of smart industrial development, formed conditions and criteria for the transition to a smart enterprise, analyzed statistical data on the digital development of the country and the region, identified the values of qualitative indicators characterizing the digital development of the enterprise by the method of expert assessments. The authors proposed "Digital Readiness Index" as an indicator that allows assessing the current level of enterprise development, taking into account country and regional features of digital transformation. The peculiarity of the authors' methodology is to take into account the complex impact of macro-, meso- and micro-level factors on the digital readiness of the enterprise. The approbation of the developed tools, carried out on the example of the machine-building enterprise Klever JSC, demonstrated the possibility of its application to assess the digital readiness of an industrial company for smart development. The level of digital readiness of the enterprise as a result of using the tools is expressed as a fraction of the maximum possible value in the existing unchanged conditions of the country and region. The findings have important managerial implications, since they emphasize the need to support the processes of digital transformation at all levels of management, identify the strengths and weaknesses of each level, and allow a systematic review of the digital readiness of the enterprise. 10.18721/JE.16602 338.1 machine-building complex digitalization digital readiness smart enterprise digital readiness index https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.2/ 02_Fedorova%2C-CHernova.pdf

RAR RUS 32-42 Nikolaev Mikhail fef-sp.ucoz.ru Makhotaeva Marina makhotaeva@mail.ru Factors of human capital formation and development in the NWFD regions The dynamic advancement of the Russian economy in the direction of the information society actualizes the need to study modern factors of regional development. The decline in the importance of material resources in favor of intangible and, above all, human capital, necessitates the study of regional factors of the formation and development of this type of capital. The purpose of the study is to identify factors and develop a model for the formation and development of human capital in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District. The analysis of scientific literature has revealed various approaches to substantiating the structure of human capital and the factors of its formation and development. In contrast to the traditional approach, to assess this capital, along with the workforce education level, it is also proposed to use the share of high-performance jobs in the research. In the study of the factors of human capital formation and development, along with economic and social factors, we considered the digital economy factors as well. A correlation analysis performed on the basis of panel data for 2017–2020 revealed that economic (GRP) and social (social costs, wages, health) factors, as well as factors of the digital economy (ICT costs) exert strong influence on the formation and development of human capital. At the same time, in the model obtained on the basis of correlation and regression analysis, the state of human capital in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District is determined primarily by the level of wages, as well as innovation activity and the state of healthcare. The digital economy indicators were not included in the final version of the model, which is primarily due to their strong relationship with indicators of the quality of life in the region. Based on the obtained model, the analysis of the conditions for the formation and development of human capital in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District was carried out. The most favorable conditions were found in St. Petersburg and the Murmansk region, and the least favorable in the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as the Republic of Karelia; the other regions presented average conditions. One of the problems in most regions is the lack of jobs with the necessary conditions for the development of human capital. 10.18721/JE.16603 332.1 human capital region economic factors social factors digital economy https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.3/ 03_Nikolaev%2C-Mahotaeva.pdf

RAR RUS 43-63 Seredin Vladislav Gutman Svetlana svelanka@mail.ru Seredin Evgeniy Adopting a tool for strategy forming and assessing sustainable regional development Modern conditions for the socio-economic development of any country or region today are strongly focused on international standards and experience. One of the current trends in the field of socio-economic development is the concept of sustainable development. Each area of the concept (economic, social, environmental) is characterized by certain indicators and indices, by developing which it is possible to quantitatively track the progress of regional development. Despite the large number of methods for assessing the level of sustainable development found in related studies, there is no universal comprehensive tool for assessing the current level and forming a strategy for sustainable regional development. For Russia, taking into account its historical, cultural and geographical characteristics, assessing the level of sustainable development, as well as adopting a subsequent development strategy, becomes complex, since in order for it to be relevant and actual, it must consider the specifics of each subject. Therefore, it is very important, when forming a strategy for sustainable development, to have a complex approach to the assessment of the current level as well, using a tool that combines several methods. A review of modern scientific works on this topic reveled a lack of both a universal approach to assessing the level and a comprehensive tool for forming a strategy for the sustainable regional development. In this article, the authors updated the current diagram of sustainable development in the regions of the Russian Federation. A selected universal set of indicators and indices is presented that can be used to assess and subsequently monitor the level of sustainability of an enterprise, region and country. Elements of the balanced scorecard system adapted to regional specifics were proposed, and a literary analysis of scientific research on existing methods for assessing the level of sustainability and the factors influencing sustainable development was carried out. The authors developed and described a universal tool for forming a sustainable development strategy in the regions of the Russian Federation, taking into account their specifics. The proposed tool can be modified, adapted and used by local authorities in the formation and implementation of state territorial development programs in any region of Russia. 10.18721/JE.16604 338.23 strategy sustainable development balanced scorecard indicators econometric modeling fuzzy logic tool https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.4/ 04_Seredin%2C-Gutman%2C-Seredin.pdf

RAR RUS 64-76 Vasilyeva Rogneda Impact of geopolitical risks on inter-regional economic disparity in Russia The current state policy in Russia aims to ensure a balanced economic development of the Russian regions in the context of macroeconomic instability. Coincidently, one of the most serious challenges for regional policy is high heterogeneity of Russian regions in terms of economic development. Currently, the Government of the Russian Federation implements a number of strategic programs aimed at reducing the interregional inequalities by stimulating economic growth in lagging and geostrategic territories and maintaining the level of economic development in most prosperous regions. Nevertheless, geopolitical tensions and world economy instability significantly influence both Russian economy and individual regional economies. Given the significant differences among Russian regions by socioeconomic indicators, natural resources endowment, and degree of participation in international trade, external risks can differently affect the dynamics of the regional economic development and widen the inter-regional disparity in Russia. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of geopolitical risks and economic policy uncertainty on interregional economic disparity in Russia. The main hypothesis of the study suggests that regional heterogeneity enhances with the growth of geopolitical turbulence. The study uses panel data for Russian regional sample ranging from 2000 to 2021. The econometric framework applies the quantile regression methodology with fixed effects. The results of the study demonstrate that geopolitical risks significantly impact the economies of more developed regions, while entities with a lower economic development turned out to be less affected. The uncertainty of economic policy, in turn, negatively affects the regions with the highest level of GRP per capita. The inter-regional economic disparity reduces due to lower participation of the most developed regions in international trade and the emerging obstacles to economic development. The results obtained highlight the importance of stabilizing individual regional economies and the necessity to consider the growing geopolitical threats in the planning and implementation of regional economic policy. 10.18721/JE.16605 338.001.36 inter-regional economic disparity geopolitical risks economic policy uncertainty regional development quantile regression https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.5/ 05_Vasileva.pdf

RAR RUS 77-92 V-1094-2019 56968223000 0000-0002-0941-6358 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Babkin Alexander babkin@spbstu.ru

Russia, 195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Gus’kova Nadezhda Soldatova Elena ESG-ratings: development trends, international and national practices The article reveals the results of the study of key trends in the development of ESG-ratings, taking into account the practices of leading providers and regulatory bodies in the field in the global and national markets. The relevance of the study of current ESG-rating practices is primarily due to the ever-increasing interest in ESG-information and the dynamically growing ESG-data market in response to the steady growth of investments in global ESG-assets and, as a consequence, investors' requests for quality and availability of information. The subject of the study covers methodological approaches in assigning ESG-ratings by international and Russian providers and regulators. The authors reveal the key problems caused by the immaturity of the ESG-concept itself, resulting in the lack of a unified approach to the methodology and, as a consequence, poor correlation between ratings, ultimately leading to a decrease in the quality of ESG-data. These problems manifest themselves in the context of the desire for consolidation in the ESG-data market and the dominance of the largest ESG-rating providers focusing on large companies, developed markets and high-tech businesses. Considerable attention in the study is paid to the trends in the development of national assessment infrastructure in terms of ESG-ratings, the relevance of which has increased as a result of decreasing access of Russian companies to positioning in the international market of ESG-assets due to the withdrawal of global players from the Russian market in 2022. Among the key factors determining the further development of ESG-ratings, the authors emphasize the "maturation" of the ESG-concept as the initial basis for the ESG-ratings methodology, expansion of the global and national ESG-agenda, the nature of the development of the responsible finance market, primarily in terms of ESG-assets and new investment products and solutions. Another noteworthy factor is the development of mechanisms for regulating rating activities by authorities, requirements for disclosure of ESG-information on the basis of common international standards. The likely scenario for the national ESG-rating infrastructure is its further progressive development with lasting interest at the state and corporate level, the efforts of recently established associations in the ESG-field, and national rating agencies providing a wider variety of rating products and diversifying the rating coverage. Undoubtedly, the behavior of key rating participants will crucially depend on the geopolitical situation, national economic development strategy and foreign economic policy, given the priorities of the "Russia's turn to the East" and "Greater Eurasia" concepts. 10.18721/JE.16606 338.001.36 ESG-rating risks opportunities sustainable development data methodology double materiality concept factors criteria assessment https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.6/ 06_Babkin%2C-Salimova%2C-Soldatova.pdf

RAR RUS 93-102 Malevskaya-Malevich Ekaterina Trends and directions of ESG transformation by type of activity of green bond issuers The article is devoted to the analysis of ESG-transformation of the Russian economy. Trends and directions of the transition to sustainable development are analyzed, sectors of the economy that have achieved the greatest results in their green transformation are identified. The article substantiates that despite the political and economic cataclysms of the previous year, which could not but affect the green agenda, not only did it not lose its relevance, but also acquired a new meaning. The purpose of the study is to analyze the trends and directions of ESG-transformation by type of activity of green bond issuers in Russia. The research objectives were: to characterize the current level of ESG-transformation by economic sectors; determine trends in green transformation based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of investments in fixed capital and the share of green investments of green bond issuers in Russia; identify directions for the development of green financing, taking into account current trends in the Russian capital market. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were obtained. The current level of ESG economic transformation varies significantly by industry, the greatest results are observed in the transport, telecommunications, finance, and government institutions. Trends in green transformation were determined based on a comparative analysis of the dynamics of investment in fixed capital and the share of green investment. Based on the results of the study, the authors concluded that the volume of sustainable investment in fixed capital of companies remains at a consistently low level. Companies are not motivated to invest capital in their sustainable development. Directions for the development of green financing were identified, taking into account current trends in the Russian capital market. It was determined that despite the expansion of the list of types of sustainable bonds, the total volume of borrowings decreased by half compared to the previous year. However, such fluctuations can be considered the consequences of a stock market shock. It is premature to talk about a stable negative trend. A direction for further research could be the development of a corporate-level motivation system to correlate corporate goals and sustainable development goals. 10.18721/JE.16607 338.45.01 ESG-transformation Green financing ESG-bonds Corporation Current trends in economic development https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.7/ 07_Malevskaya-Malevich.pdf

RAR RUS 103-116 Balashova Elena elenabalashova@mail.ru 55960943900 0000-0002-7465-6681 SMTU Malyshev Evgenii eamalyshev@mail.ru

Lotsmanskaya Ulitsa, 3 Sankt-Peterburg 190121

Machin Igor Methods of industrial product pricing Price is one of the key factors determining the demand for industrial products. The company's revenue and its ability to maintain and expand production depend on the prices they set. The purpose of this study is to analyze the international experience of existing methods and approaches to price formation for dual-use products on the example of advanced countries. The object of the study was pricing methods used by different states. The paper considers various pricing methods, features, procedure and conditions of their application in practice. It is shown that most of the countries listed in this paper apply a fairly flexible pricing policy. The regulatory role of the state in a number of countries is still very significant. This circumstance imposes additional restrictions on the process of price formation for enterprises manufacturing dual-use products. Moreover, each individual state has its own basic rules for regulating prices, which affect pricing. It is believed that these rules are related to antimonopoly legislation. As a rule, the adopted special laws regulating prices and providing information about prices are implemented in order to ensure competition in the market. A review of the pricing policy of Western (European) countries indicates that enterprises use methods that are almost equally in the interests of both the customer and the contractor. The result of this study allows us to conclude that most countries are not limited to the use of cost-based methods: on the contrary, in each case, all methods of pricing are considered and the most appropriate and taking into account the interests of both the customer and the contractor are selected. It is noted that simultaneous use of several pricing methods is deemed optimal for price forming in European enterprises. In the context of Russian industrial enterprises, the application of the method of comparable uncontrolled prices is proposed, which allows redistributing the tax burden for industrial associations. 10.18721/JE.16608 338.001.36 dual-use products export pricing cost-based method products for state needs transfer pricing organization for economic cooperation and development price diversification profit https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.8/ 08_Balashova%2C-Malishev%2C-Machin.pdf

RAR RUS 117-131 Тashkinov Alexey alekss.perm@gmail.com Stages of formation of a strategy for digital transformation of an industrial enterprise The article provides a literary review of existing theories and practices of views on the essence and content of the concept of “digital transformation of an industrial enterprise.” The main trends in the development of digital transformation in foreign industries were identified on the example of Siemens PLM Software, Dassault Systèmes, ANSYS, PTC Siemens, General Electric, Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed Martin Space Systems. The paper studied the materials on digital transformation and industrial digitalization presented in the reports of Allied Market Research, PwC, McKinsey, Deloitte Industrial Transformation Framework, Accenture, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), and of such industrial companies as Siemens PLM Software, Dassault Systèmes, ANSYS, PTC, Siemens, General Electric, Boeing, Airbus, Lockheed Martin Space Systems. However, we have to admit that this concept of digital transformation of an industrial enterprise is gaining only small momentum at domestic enterprises and does not find practical application, which in turn indicates that this study is of interest for the Russian industrial enterprises. The purpose of the study is to present the stages of forming a strategy for the digital transformation of an industrial enterprise for effective development of the production and economic system. The author of the article obtained the following results. An analysis and literature review was carried out, on the basis of which it was concluded that today there is no single generally accepted concept of “digital transformation of an industrial enterprise” and its definition, despite the relevance of this task. The definition of “digital transformation of an industrial enterprise” was introduced into scientific circulation from the perspective of transforming the internal environment of enterprise management. The characteristics of the main elements of the digital transformation of an enterprise were described. An overview of the implementation of digital technologies in foreign and domestic industry, as well as their intermediate results were shown. The stages of forming a strategy for the digital transformation of an industrial enterprise are presented, and the main stages of implementing the roadmap were described. Factors and risks that are a significant problem when implementing a digital transformation project were identified. The paper proposed practical recommendations for developing a strategy for the digital transformation of an enterprise to achieve effective development of the production-economic system. 10.18721/JE.16609 658.5 road map; production-economic system; digital transformation strategy; enterprise management; digital transformation of the enterprise; digital technologies; digital thinking; stages of formation https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.9/ 09_Tashkinov.pdf

RAR RUS 142-154 7005476276 0000-0002-8228-3109 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Glukhov Vladimir vicerector.me@spbstu.ru

195251, St.Petersburg, Polytechnicheskaya, 29

Loginov Aleksandr Tools for assessing telecommunication network performance indicators Telecommunication network is a specific technical, organizational and economic object. Such an object requires a special system of assessment indicators and specific management measures for creation and maintenance. It is important to take into account the technical characteristics, usefulness of the communication services provided, novelty of the equipment used, and efficiency of operation. Major characteristics of the telecommunication network show its scale and specialization: a set of services provided (transport, information, computer, telephony, interactive, broadcast); the territory within which the services are provided; the number of levels of the access network; traffic intensity; target clients (individual, corporate); infrastructure owned by the network operator (communication lines, switching equipment, information servers, etc.). Based on the scale and totality of user characteristics, the networks under consideration can be divided into groups (large, medium and small; national, regional and corporate). The set of indicators proposed by the authors covers various aspects of the functioning of the telecommunications network. They take into account various aspects of the operation and application of the telecommunications network: user characteristics; technological level; technological novelty; technological sovereignty; import dependency; value; efficiency; quality. Based on their aggregate, an integral estimate of the network is calculated. These indicators are used in a complex method of technical and economic assessment of telecommunication network. The methodology includes the proposed set and methods for calculating estimates that take into account the technical condition, consumer utility and efficiency of the assessed object. The developed methodology for calculating the indicators of a telecommunication network can be used in the practical work of a telecommunications company, when comparing with other companies, compiling a rating of companies, assessing the efficiency of a telecommunications network of various scales. The developed system of indicators can become the basis for rating assessment of national and regional networks, networks of various operators, network sections within one operator. The proposed methodology is planned to be used to develop recommendations for the development and improvement of the telecommunications network in order to increase the competitiveness and efficiency of telecommunications companies. 10.18721/JE.16610 330 telecommunication network system of indicators assessment tools assessment methodology efficiency of enterprise functioning https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.10/ 10_Gluhov%2C-Loginov.pdf

RAR RUS 155-166 Svetunkov Sergei sergey@svetunkov.ru Samarina Elizaveta Nonlinear vector autoregressions in short-term metal price forecasting  In order to make an effective economic decision, it is necessary to have an idea of the possible future state of the decision-making object and its environment, which is obtained by means of forecasting. The more accurately forecasts are performed, the less uncertainty in the decision-making situation, and the more effective the decisions made. Therefore, improving the accuracy of economic forecasting is an important scientific task. One of the new directions in economic forecasting is forecasting with the help of vector autoregression models. But the practical application of these models is difficult, because with increasing dimensionality of the autoregression vector the number of model coefficients grows nonlinearly and there are serious computational difficulties in the construction of such models. We propose to use complex-valued vector autoregressions, which are simpler than vector autoregressions of real variables, because they contain half the number of coefficients, the values of which should be estimated by statistical methods. Using the example of the market of world prices for non-ferrous metals, we have formed an eight-dimensional vector of prices for non-ferrous metals, precious and non-precious. Two linear vector autoregressions of real and complex variables, as well as two nonlinear models of vector autoregressions of real and complex variables were constructed on the basis of statistical data of this vector. It is shown that the nonlinear complex-valued vector autoregression is the best model of these four models both from the positions of Bayesian information criterion and from the position of accuracy of short-term economic forecasting, which was verified using the latest statistics. It is recommended to use nonlinear complex-valued autoregressions for short-term economic forecasting of prices. The possibility of using complex-valued vector autoregressions in short-term forecasting of other economic indicators should be clarified through additional research using the methodology outlined in the article. Proving the effectiveness of using complex-valued vector autoregressions in short-term economic forecasting is the basis for further construction of complex-valued vector autoregression models of dimensions greater than 10, which is extremely difficult or impossible for vector autoregressions of real variables. 10.18721/JE.16611 330.4.519.2 short-term forecasting economic forecasting vector autoregressions complex-valued vector autoregressions prices https://economy.spbstu.ru/article/2023.104.11/ 11_Svetunkov%2CSamarina.pdf