The current conditions in the Russian economy place high demands on industrial enterprises, which must not only be capable of carrying out their current operations but also implement development projects that align with the trajectory of achieving our country’s technological sovereignty and leadership goals. However, at present, there is an industrial downturn, reflecting the presence of challenges and problems in the manufacturing sector of the economy, which may have a negative impact on the achievement of our state’s strategic goals. Sustainable development, with innovation processes as its key factor – and requiring effective management of these processes – can ensure the necessary resilience of industrial enterprises. At the same time, the approaches used today to managing innovation processes in industrial enterprises do not take into account the criteria of sustainable development, and also focus mainly on the “limited” use of digital technologies, leveling the possibilities of “synergetic” interaction, in particular, provided by Industry 5.0. The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions for managing innovation processes of sustainable development of industrial enterprises based on integration of Industry 5.0 digital technologies. The research methodology is based on the study of scientific papers in the field of sustainable and innovative development, digital technologies presented in the Google Scholar database; official statistics, analytical reports on the sustainable and innovative development of industrial enterprises in Russia, the use of digital technologies, reviews of practices of sustainable and innovative development, as well as implementation of Industry 5.0 technologies. The research applied general scientific and special methods of cognition, including theoretical and historical analysis, the method of induction and deduction, the method of comparison, the PRISMA method. The currently prevailing approaches and views of researchers in the context of managing the innovative processes of sustainable development of industrial enterprises have been identified. The capabilities of Industry 5.0 technologies have been identified for the purposes of effectively managing the innovative processes of sustainable development of industrial enterprises. The directions for developing the management of innovative processes for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises based on the application of Industry 5.0 technologies have been formulated. The novelty of this study lies in the development of concepts in the aspect of managing the innovative processes of an industrial enterprise, with a focus on ESG transformation, based on the capabilities of Industry 5.0 technologies. The complementary implementation of these technologies will not only contribute to “accelerated” sustainable development but also to the activation of innovative activity, and the resulting synergistic effect may provide an additional impetus to achieving technological sovereignty and leadership for our country. The practical significance of the study lies in identifying the directions for enhancing the processes of innovative development of industrial enterprises in the focus of their sustainable development, which forms the basis for ensuring resilience and achieving the goals set in the context of technological sovereignty and leadership of our state. The results obtained can form the basis for developing approaches, mechanisms, and tools for carrying out innovative activities of industrial enterprises, which contribute to accelerating their ESG transformation, which acts as a factor in forming their own technical and technological foundation and developing solutions that surpass those existing on the global market.